RESOURCE EXTRACTION SECTOR TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP Tzahi Cath Cameron McKay Colorado School of Mines The University of Texas–Austin Shankar Chellam Kaleisha Miller Texas A&M University Texas A&M University Lynn Katz Jason Monnell The University of Texas–Austin Electric Power Research Institute Richard Breckenridge Nalini Rao Electric Power Research Institute Electric Power Research Institute Carolyn A. Cooper James Rosenblum The University of Texas–Austin Colorado School of Mines Kirk Ellison David Sedlak Electric Power Research Institute University of California–Berkeley Jordan Macknick Jennifer Stokes-Draut National Renewable Energy Laboratory Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Acknowledgements This material is based upon work supported by the National Alliance for Water Innovation (NAWI), funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Advanced Manufacturing Office, under Funding Opportunity Announcement Number DE-FOA-0001905. NAWI would like to thank the Department of Energy Technical Monitor Melissa Klembara for guidance and support throughout the roadmapping process. This roadmap was developed under the guidance of the National Alliance for Water Innovation (NAWI) Desalination Hub executive team, cartographers, and technical staff as well as the NAWI’s Research Advisory Council (RAC). Those from industry, academia, national laboratories, and government who made crucial contributions through participation in workshops, surveys, phone interviews, and roadmap reviews are identified in Appendix F of this report. Nexight Group supported the overall roadmapping process. Suggested citation Tzahi Cath; Shankar Chellam; Lynn Katz; Richard Breckenridge; Carolyn A. Cooper; Kirk Ellison; Jordan Macknick; Cameron McKay; Kaleisha Miller; Jason Monnell; Nalini Rao; James Rosenblum; David Sedlak; Jennifer Stokes-Draut. 2021. National Alliance for Water Innovation (NAWI) Technology Roadmap: Resource Extraction Sector. DOE/GO-102021-5567. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy21osti/79895.pdf This report, originally published in May 2021, has been revised in August 2021 to: • Add authors Carolyn A. Cooper, Cameron McKay, Kaleisha Miller, and James Rosenblum • Correct grammatical errors • Add new and deleted unused acronyms (Appendix A) • Renumber end note citations in sequential order throughout document ii NAWI RESOURCE EXTRACTION SECTOR TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP 2021 CONTENTS 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................1 1.1 Introduction to NAWI and the NAWI Roadmap ............................................................................................1 1.2 Water User Sector Overview ..............................................................................................................................3 1.3 Water Treatment and Management Challenges ........................................................................................3 1.4 Research Priorities ..................................................................................................................................................6 1.5. Next Steps .................................................................................................................................................................12 1.6. Appendices ...............................................................................................................................................................13 2. INTRODUCTION ..............................................................14 2.1. Growing Challenges with Water ........................................................................................................................14 2.2. Establishing an Energy-Water Desalination Hub ........................................................................................15 2.3. Pipe-Parity and Baseline Definitions................................................................................................................16 2.4. Nontraditional Waters of Interest .......................................................................................................................18 2.5 A-PRIME ......................................................................................................................................................................21 2.6. Desalination Hub Topic Areas ............................................................................................................................23 RESOURCE EXTRACTION 3. WATER USER SECTOR OVERVIEW ..........................24 3.1. Background on the Resource Extraction Sector and Water Utilization ..............................................25 3.2. Water Demand in Resource Extraction ...........................................................................................................27 3.3. Water Supplied to Resource Extraction ..........................................................................................................32 3.4. Water Discharged from Resource Extraction ...............................................................................................37 3.5. Resource Recovery in Resource Extraction .................................................................................................40 3.6. Residuals Management in Resource Extraction ..........................................................................................42 3.7. Societal Barriers .......................................................................................................................................................43 3.8. Pipe-Parity .................................................................................................................................................................45 4. TECHNICAL CHALLENGES ................................. 46 4.1. Technical Challenges ............................................................................................................................................47 4.2. Non-Technical Challenges ..................................................................................................................................51 NAWI RESOURCE EXTRACTION SECTOR TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP 2021 iii 5. RESEARCH PRIORITIES ................................................54 5.1 Autonomous ...........................................................................................................................................................56 Sensors and Adaptive Process Controls for Efficient, Resilient, and Secure Systems 5.2. Precise ........................................................................................................................................................................62 Targeted Removal of Trace Solutes for Enhanced Water Recovery, Resource Valorization, and Regulatory Compliance 5.3. Resilient .....................................................................................................................................................................68 Reliable Treatment and Distribution Systems that Adapt to Variable Water Quality and Are Robust to Corrosive Conditions 5.4. Intensified ................................................................................................................................................................74 Systems and Process Optimization to Maximize Brine Reuse, Improve Brine Concentration and Crystallization, and Manage Residuals 5.5. Modular .....................................................................................................................................................................82 Materials, Manufacturing, and Operational Innovations to Expand the Range of Cost-Competitive Treatment Components and Eliminate Intensive Pre/Post-Treatment 5.6. Electrified .................................................................................................................................................................87 Electrifying Water Treatment Processes and Facilitating Clean Grid Integration 6. NEXT STEPS .....................................................................94 Appendix A: Acronyms .........................................................................................................................................96 Appendix B: NAWI A-PRIME Expanded Descriptions ...............................................................................99 Appendix C: DOE Water Hub Development Background .......................................................................103 Appendix D: Roadmap Teams............................................................................................................................104 Appendix E: Development of the NAWI Resource Extraction Sector Technology Roadmap ...106 Appendix F: Contributors .....................................................................................................................................109 Appendix G: References ......................................................................................................................................116 iv NAWI RESOURCE EXTRACTION SECTOR TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP 2021 TABLE OF FIGURES FIgure 1. ...................................................................................................................................................................................19 Schematic of traditional and nontraditional sources of waters, as defined by NAWI Figure 2. ..................................................................................................................................................................................21