CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Liberty University Digital Commons Liberty University DigitalCommons@Liberty University Ethnomusicology Masters Theses Center for Music and Worship 1-22-2007 The uM sic of a Kalinga Peace-pact Celebration: Making Place through the Soundscape Glenn Ress Stallsmith Bethel University Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/ethno_master Part of the Ethnomusicology Commons Recommended Citation Stallsmith, Glenn Ress, "The usicM of a Kalinga Peace-pact Celebration: Making Place through the Soundscape" (2007). Ethnomusicology Masters Theses. Paper 1. http://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/ethno_master/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Center for Music and Worship at DigitalCommons@Liberty University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Ethnomusicology Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Liberty University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE MUSIC OF A KALINGA PEACE-PACT CELEBRATION: MAKING PLACE THROUGH THE SOUNDSCAPE A MASTER'S THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY OF THE CENTER FOR GRADUATE AND CONTINUING STUDIES BETHEL UNIVERSITY BY GLENN REES STALLSMITH IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN ETHNOMUSICOLOGY January 22, 2007 Copyright 2007 by Glenn Stallsmith BETHEL UNIVERSITY THE MUSIC OF A KALINGA PEACE-PACT CELEBRATION: MAKING PLACE THROUGH THE SOUNDSCAPE GLENN REES STALLSMITH January 2007 Approved: , Thesis (Project) Advisor ACCEPTED ________________________________ Program Director ________________________________ Dean of Graduate Studies ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The list of people to thank is too long to include here. First and foremost I have to thank my wife, Sarah, for putting up with all the extra days I had to be away from home to finish this degree program. To try her patience even further, many of the days at home were spent in the office reading and writing. I also owe much to SIL Philippines. Their financial support made much of this research possible. Their moral support was invaluable as well—both in the number of services available to me as a member and the official time granted me to work on this study program. Many colleagues in the organization gave valuable input and quick answers to my questions. Glenn and Jewell Machlan were special sources of data, analysis, and encouragement. Of course I cannot forget the pilots who faithfully delivered me to and picked me up from the Mangali airstrip. This thesis could not have been completed without Nelson, my good friend and companion through many long days and nights. iii ABSTRACT Music and place are two phenomena that have been objectified by researchers in the past. This thesis treats both as social processes created by subjects in local, specific contexts. The Kalinga peace pact system forms an intricate web of bilateral agreements between forty or more culture groups in the northern Philippines. Each agreement is celebrated when it is formed or when a peace pact holder from one group passes the responsibility on to his son. This thesis examines eight musical scenes at one peace pact ceremony celebrated in the Mangali culture area in April 2005. It analyzes the music performances for markings that the Mangali and Sumadel participants utilize to create, contest, and negotiate their senses of place. Rhythms, melodies, and song texts all reveal processes of place creation in this specific celebration. Several layers of place are analyzed—insider-created versus outsider- imposed boundaries; the continuum of identities stretching from local to regional to national constructions of place; and the idea of music creating a sonic environment or soundscape. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.....................................................................................................iii ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS.......................................................................................................... v LIST OF MAPS AND FIGURES........................................................................................... vii LIST OF PHOTOS ................................................................................................................viii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION............................................................................................. 1 Statement of the Problem...................................................................................................... 1 Setting Kalinga in Place........................................................................................................ 4 Local Government Units................................................................................................... 6 Definitions of Place Terms ............................................................................................... 7 Significance of the Study...................................................................................................... 9 Questions............................................................................................................................. 11 Notes on Minangali Terms and Orthography ..................................................................... 11 Chapter Summaries............................................................................................................. 12 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................ 13 Ethnography on Kalinga Societies...................................................................................... 13 Boundaries and Place in Ethnographic Research on Kalinga......................................... 13 Exchange, Honor, and Power.......................................................................................... 18 Religion and Ritual ......................................................................................................... 20 The Kalinga Bodong: Innovation or Indigenous?........................................................... 25 Kalinga Music Research ................................................................................................. 26 Place Studies ....................................................................................................................... 30 Place as a Social Construction ........................................................................................ 30 Creating Place in Dialogue ............................................................................................. 32 Landscapes...................................................................................................................... 33 Soundscapes.................................................................................................................... 34 Place Creation in Music.................................................................................................. 37 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY............................................................. 39 Pilot Study........................................................................................................................... 39 Initial Collection and Processing of Data ....................................................................... 40 Cultural Themes.............................................................................................................. 42 Data Collection and Analysis Strategies for Current Study................................................ 43 Validity ........................................................................................................................... 44 Ethical Issues .................................................................................................................. 45 Delimitations and Limitations............................................................................................. 45 CHAPTER 4: EIGHT MUSICAL SCENES FROM THE MANGALI – SUMADEL PEACE PACT CELEBRATION OF APRIL 2005.............................................................................. 47 Planning the Event .............................................................................................................. 47 Agricultural Calendar...................................................................................................... 47 Inviting the Visitors ........................................................................................................ 50 Scene #1: “Carrying” the Sumadel soundscape to Mangali: Saggaypo ............................. 52 Scene #2: Merging Soundscapes: The Tadok of the Mangali............................................. 58 Functions of the Gangsa Tadok ...................................................................................... 63 v Women Join in Dancing the Tadok ................................................................................ 64 Scene #3: Lower Mangali Presents Gifts and a Salidummay Song .................................... 67 Scene #4: Tadok of the Sumadel......................................................................................... 72 Scene #5: Presentation of the Dekot from Bawak in Ullalim ............................................. 75 Scene #6: Lupang Hinirang : The National Anthem of the Philippines.............................