International Companion Encyclopedia of Children’s Literature International Companion Encyclopedia of Children’s Literature Second Edition,Volume 1 Edited by Peter Hunt First published 2004 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park,Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2004. © 2004 Routledge Ltd All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data International companion encyclopedia of children’s literature/ edited by Peter Hunt. p. cm Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Children’s literature – Encylopedias. 2. Children’s literature – History and criticism. 3. Children – Books and reading – Encylopedias. I. Hunt, Peter, 1945– PN1008.5.157 2004 809’.89282’03 –dc22 ISBN 0-203-32566-4 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0–415–29053–8 [set] ISBN 0–415–29054–6 [vol. 1] ISBN 0–415–29055–4 [vol. 2] Contents VOLUME 1 Consulting editors xiii Contributors xiv Preface xviii Acknowledgements xxi 1 Introduction: definitions, themes, changes, attitudes 1 MARGARET MEEK 2 Internationalism, the universal child and the world of children’s literature 13 EMER O’SULLIVAN PART I Theory and critical approaches 27 3 Theorising and theories: the conditions of possibility of children’s literature 29 DAVID RUDD 4Criticism and the critical mainstream 44 DEBORAH COGAN THACKER 5 Critical tradition and ideological positioning 56 CHARLES SARLAND 6 History and culture 76 TONY WATKINS 7 Linguistics and stylistics 99 JOHN STEPHENS 8 Reader-response criticism 112 MICHAEL BENTON 9 Psychoanalytical criticism 129 HAMIDA BOSMAJIAN vi Contents 10 Feminism revisited 140 LISSA PAUL 11 Picture books and illustration 154 PERRY NODELMAN 12 Narrative theory and children’s literature 166 MARIA NIKOLAJEVA 13 Intertextuality and the child reader 179 CHRISTINE WILKIE-STIBBS 14Comparative children’s literature 191 EMER O’SULLIVAN 15 Bibliography 203 MATTHEW GRENBY PART II Forms and genres 223 16 Ancient and medieval children’s texts 225 GILLIAN ADAMS 17 Texts in English used by children, 1550–1800 239 MARGARET EVANS 18 Myth and legend 249 MAURICE SAXBY 19 Fairy tales and folk tales 261 RUTH B. BOTTIGHEIMER 20 Playground rhymes and the oral tradition 275 IONA OPIE 21 Children’s rhymes and folklore: contemporary and comparative approaches 287 ANDY ARLEO 22 Catechistical, devotional and biblical writing 299 RUTH B. BOTTIGHEIMER 23 Contemporary religious writing 306 RITA GHESQUIÈRE 24The development of illustrated texts and picture books 318 JOYCE IRENE WHALLEY 25 The picture book: modern and postmodern 328 MICHÈLE ANSTEY AND GEOFF BULL Contents vii 26 Shaping boyhood: British Empire builders and adventurers 340 DENNIS BUTTS 27 Childhood, didacticism and the gendering of British children’s literature 352 CHRISTINE WILKIE-STIBBS 28 Popular literature: comics, dime novels, pulps and Penny Dreadfuls 362 DENIS GIFFORD 29 Contemporary comics 385 KATIA PIZZI 30 Poetry 396 MORAG STYLES 31 Animal stories 418 SIMON FLYNN 32 High fantasy 436 C. W. SULLIVAN III 33 Domestic fantasy: real gardens with imaginary toads 447 LOUISA SMITH 34The family story 454 GILLIAN AVERY 35 School stories 467 SHEILA RAY 36 Pony books 481 ALISON HAYMONDS 37 Historical fiction 490 JANET FISHER 38 War 499 CAROL FOX AND PETER HUNT 39 Horror 506 VICTORIA DE RIJKE 40 Science fiction 519 JESSICA YATES 41 Series fiction 532 VICTOR WATSON 42 Teenage fiction: realism, romances, contemporary problem novels 542 JULIA ECCLESHARE viii Contents 43 Crossover literature 556 RACHEL FALCONER 44 Writers for adults, writers for children 576 MARIAN ALLSOBROOK 45 Metafictions and experimental work 587 ROBYN MCCALLUM 46 Drama 599 SUSANNE GREENHALGH 47 Story-telling 614 MARY MEDLICOTT 48 Children’s information texts 622 MARGARET MALLETT VOLUME 2 PART III Contexts 633 49 Children’s book design 635 DOUGLAS MARTIN 50 Children’s book publishing 647 LISA ROWE FRAUSTINO 51 Reviewing and scholarly journals 666 GILLIAN ADAMS WITH SHEILA RAY 52 Censorship 680 MARK I. WEST 53 Awards and award-winners 691 KEITH BARKER WITH CHRISTINE WILKIE-STIBBS 54Television 704 DAVID BUCKINGHAM 55 Film 714 IAN WOJCIK-ANDREWS 56 Libraries, research collections and museums 722 KAREN NELSON HOYLE 57 What the authors tell us 731 PETER HUNT Contents ix PART IV Applications 749 58 Teaching fiction 751 NIKKI GAMBLE 59 Reading and literacy 762 SALLY YATES 60 Selecting books for younger readers 771 COLIN MILLS AND JEAN WEBB 61 Teaching children’s literature in higher education 780 PAMELA KNIGHTS 62 Publishing for special needs 802 BEVERLEY MATHIAS 63 Librarianship 812 THOMAS VAN DER WALT 64Bibliotherapy and psychology 826 HUGH CRAGO 65 Creative writing for children: a practical approach 836 ANDREW MELROSE PART V National and international 847 66 The world of children’s literature: an introduction 849 SHEILA RAY 67 Culture and developing countries 858 ANNE PELLOWSKI 68 Children’s literature organisations: an international overview 872 KIMBERLEY REYNOLDS 69 Postcolonialism: originating difference 891 RODERICK MCGILLIS 70 Translating for children – theory 901 RIITTA OITTINEN 71 Translating for children – practice 912 RONALD JOBE 72 Africa 927 African children’s literature: an overview 927 PHILOMENA OSAZEE FAYOSE x Contents French-speaking Africa 935 MARIE LAURENTIN English-speaking Africa 945 JAY HEALE 73 Arabic children’s literature 954 TAGHREED ALQUDSI-GHABRA 74Australia 960 ROSEMARY ROSS JOHNSTON 75 Austria 984 KARIN HALLER 76 The Baltic countries 990 KESTUTIS URBA 77 Belgium 998 VANESSA JOOSEN 78 Brazil 1004 LAURA SANDRONI 79 Canada 1011 Canadian children’s literature in English 1011 MAVIS REIMER Children’s literature in Quebec and French-speaking Canada 1019 SUZANNE POULIOT 80 The Caribbean (English-speaking) 1025 SHEILA RAY 81 China 1029 LAINA HO 82 Czech Republic 1039 NADÊDA SIEGLOVÁ 83 Eastern Europe: Bulgaria, Poland, Romania 1042 SHEILA RAY 84France 1045 JEAN PERROT 85 Germany 1055 German children’s literature from the eighteenth to the twentieth century 1055 HANS-HEINO EWERS Contents xi The German Democratic Republic 1063 BERND DOLLE-WEINKAUFF 86 Greece 1067 From the beginnings to 1945 1067 VASSILIS D. ANAGNOSTOPOULOS From 1945 to the present 1069 TASSOULA TSILIMENI 87 Hungary 1072 KATALIN NUN 88 The Indian sub-continent 1076 MANORAMA JAFA 89 Iran 1095 MORTEZA KHOSRONEJAD 90 Ireland 1099 VALERIE COGHLAN 91 Italy 1104 LAURA KREYDER 92 Japan 1108 TERUO JINGUH 93 Jewish-Hebrew, Hebrew and Israeli children’s literature 1115 YAEL DARR AND ZOHAR SHAVIT 94Korea 1124 HO-KYUNG KIM 95 Mexico and Central America 1132 EVELYN ARIZPE 96 Mongolia 1138 SHEILA RAY 97 The Netherlands 1140 ANNE DE VRIES 98 New Zealand 1149 BETTY GILDERDALE 99 The Nordic countries 1156 BOEL WESTIN 100 Portugal 1168 FRANCESCA BLOCKEEL AND JOSÉ ANTÓNIO GOMES xii Contents 101 Russia 1174 BEN HELLMAN 102 Slovak Republic 1184 ZUZANA STANISLAVOVÁ 103 Slovenia 1190 MILENA MILEVA BLAZIC 104South American and Spanish-speaking Caribbean countries 1194 MARIA BEATRIZ MEDINA AND OLGA GARCÍA LARRALDE 105 South East Asia: Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam 1207 SHEILA RAY 106 South East Europe 1213 MILENA MILEVA BLAZIC 107 Spain 1227 CARMEN GARCÍA SURRALLÉS AND ANTONIO MORENO VERDULLA 108 Switzerland 1236 VERENA RUTSCHMANN 109 Taiwan 1241 MIEKE DESMET AND MING CHERNG DUH 110 Turkey 1246 FATIH ERDOÄŸAN 111 United Kingdom 1252 British children’s literature: a historical overview 1252 JOHN ROWE TOWNSEND Scotland 1263 LINDSEY FRASER Wales 1266 MENNA LLOYD WILLIAMS 112 The USA: a historical overview 1270 JERRY GRISWOLD Index 1280 Consulting editors Carmen Diana Dearden, Banco del Libro, Caracas, Venezuela Maria Nikolajeva, Stockholm University, Sweden Emer O’Sullivan, Institut für Jugendbuchforschung, Johann Wolfgang Goethe- Universität, Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany Lilia Ratcheva-Stratieva, Bookbird, Austria Sheila Ray, Children’s Literature Consultant, Wales, UK Kimberley Reynolds, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK Torben Weinreich, Centre for Children’s Literature, Danmarks Lærerhøjskole, Copenhagen, Denmark Jack Zipes, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA Contributors Gillian Adams, Massachusetts, USA Marian Allsobrook, Cardiff, UK Taghreed Alqudsi-Ghabra, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait Vassilis D. Anagnostopoulos, University of Thessaly, Greece Michèle Anstey, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia Evelyn Arizpe, University of Cambridge, UK Andy Arleo, Université de Nantes, France Gillian Avery, Author, Oxford, UK Keith Barker† Michael Benton, Emeritus Professor of Education, University of Southampton, UK Milena Mileva Blazic, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia Francesca Blockeel, Lessius Hogeschool, Antwerp, Belgium Hamida Bosmajian, Seattle University, USA Ruth B. Bottigheimer, State University of New York at Stony Brook, USA David Buckingham, Institute of Education, University of London, UK Geoff Bull, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia Dennis Butts, formerly University of Reading, UK Valerie Coghlan, Church of Ireland College