GLOBAL Featured Articles Female Education and Its Effect on Fertility Rates GLOBALVUBy :Derek Brody Argintina and the Falklands IBy: Issie Sargraves Table of Contents Letter From the Editor The Panopticon and the Case of Anwar al-Awlaki Dear Readers, p. 1 Association and Vanderbilt It is my pleasure to present Student Communications for their The Shadow of Falklands the third issue of GlobalVU, continued support. Our work Sovereignty Vanderbilt’s only undergraduate would not be possible without p. 6 journal focusing on global politics them. and international affairs. The Edward Azar’s Protracted Social staff and I have worked hard As the world becomes increasingly Conflict Theory & its Arab-Israeli creating and selecting thoughtful globalized, it becomes more critical Application and engaging essays that provide to understand and appreciate p. 9 excellent analysis on some of the problems facing the world today’s most important issues. We today. So often, the media glosses Female Education and Its Effect hope readers enjoy these thought- over these issues, especially in on Fertility Rates provoking and informative pieces. developing areas of the world. p. 12 From gender issues, to corruption I would like to take this and transitional issues, we hope UN Peacekeepers: opportunity to thank our entire reading this issue will result in a Friend or Foe? editorial staff for their hard deeper appreciation for the wide p. 18 work and long hours throughout array of matters that face people this semester, preparing the around the world today. The Prevention of Gender-Based print issue and maintaining our Violence in Dadaab: A Capability- website. Additionally, I would Sincerely, Oriented Approach like to thank the Vanderbilt Gabrielle Timm p. 21 International Relations Editor-In-Chief Death by Oil: Venezuela’s Economic Crisis Editorial Board p. 25 Gabrielle Timm Editor-in-Chief Daria Berstell Managing Editor The Relationship Between Benjamin Dong Layout Editor Foreign Direct Investment and Chris Zhang Webmaster Political Corruption Grace Sununu Senior Editor in the Developing World Issie Sagraves Senior Editor p. 29 Writing Staff Layout Staff The Ghost of Gaddafi Aalok Joshi Hannah Rogers p. 35 Adithya Sivakumar Jackie Olson Bella Jones The Push for Populism around the Derek Brody Guest Contributers World Dustin Cai Kayla Morin p. 40 Jackie Olson Christian Gregorich Javan Latson Al-Maqdisi’s Wahhabi Criticism Katie Gao Special Thanks of Saudi Arabia and the Rise of Shelby House Paige Clancy Salafi-Jihadi Organizations Victoria Herring Jeff Breaux p. 43 The Panopticon and the Case of Anwar al-Awlaki Shelby House All-American Boy Vanderbilt University According to a 2013 Gallup poll, 65% of the Anwar al-Awlaki was born on April 21, 1971, in American public supports the use of surgical drone Las Cruces, New Mexico.3 His father, Nasser al-Awlaki, strikes against ‘suspected terrorists’ in foreign nations, had come to the United States in 1966 on a Fulbright while 41% of Americans support drone strikes against scholarship.4 Nasser finished his bachelor’s degree U.S. citizens living abroad who are deemed ‘suspected quickly, returned to Yemen to get his wife a visa, and terrorists.’ Only 14% of Americans responded that they returned to America where he completed his master’s follow news about drone strikes “very closely.”1 Drones and doctorate degrees and started a family5. In an are an interesting development in modern warfare. interview with Jeremy Scahill, Nasser al-Awlaki said his While soldier deaths and injuries in conventional war son was “really raised like any other American boy, he often spur anti-war sentiment, drones virtually eliminate used to like sports and was very brilliant in school, you casualty and risk on behalf of the attacking party. With know. He was a good student, and he participated in soldiers removed from the battlefield, the public loses all kinds of sports.”6 In 1977, Nasser al-Awlaki and his its personal stake and becomes less aware of ongoing family moved back to Yemen so that he could use his conflicts. As such, the American government garners American education to better his home country.7 After less criticism for waging ‘war.’ In the same Gallup poll graduating from high school, Anwar al-Awlaki returned mentioned above, a mere 13% of Americans support to the United States to study civil engineering in order drone strikes against U.S. citizens deemed “suspected” to find solutions to Yemen’s water shortage.8 At first, terrorists on American soil.2 Distance, along with he was not a particularly devout Muslim; after the Gulf secrecy, dilutes criticism. War started, that quickly changed.9 After graduating, In this essay, I seek to untangle the knotty he became an imam.10 He aligned himself with the problems associated with surgical drone strikes and conservative values of the Republican Party and actually covert operations waged against ‘suspected terrorists.’ encouraged other Muslims to vote for George Bush in To do so, I will set aside the practical justifications listed the 2000 election.11 by proponents for and critics of drone strikes, such as After 9/11, al-Awlaki was seen as “a go-to effects on counterinsurgency. Instead, I will examine Muslim cleric for reporters scrambling to explain Islam. the theoretical implications of extrajudicial killings, He condemned the mass murder, invited television using excerpts from Michel Foucault’s Discipline and crews to follow him around and patiently explained the Punish: the Birth of the Prison and History of Sexuality rituals of his religion.”12 Al-Awlaki was even invited to as frameworks. Furthermore, I will use these lenses speak at a Pentagon luncheon, and in 2002 he led prayer to examine a specific case: the extrajudicial killing of in the Capitol.13 He strongly condemned the attacks, Anwar al-Awlaki, an American citizen killed in Northern saying that U.S. killings “of thousands of Palestinians Yemen in 2011. I will argue that the public response does not justify the death of one civilian in New York to al-Awlaki’s killing reinforces Foucault’s ideas about City or Washington, DC.”14 As anti-Muslim sentiment state-sponsored violence, execution, and surveillance. came to dominate American culture, al-Awlaki said, I will also explain how shifting definitions and legal “My worry is that because of this conflict, the views parameters in wartime raise questions about the nature of Osama bin Laden will become appealing… That’s of human rights and morality in war. This particular a very frightening thing, so the US needs to be careful argument will be primarily informed by Giorgio and not have itself perceived as an enemy of Islam.”15 Agamben’s Homo Sacer and State of Exception. Yet tensions continued to rise, and al-Awlaki and his congregation always felt they needed to be on the 1 defensive. In 2002, U.S.federal agents carried out a series Power Over Bodies of raids on Islamic businesses and homes even though In Michel Foucault’s “Right to Death and Power no charges had been brought against these entities; after over Life,” a chapter from his larger work The History of this, al-Awlaki’s moderate message began to change. Sexuality, he argues that the nature of state-sponsored “This is not now a war on terrorism,” he said. “This is a violence has changed radically over time. Originally, war against Muslims and Islam.”16 sovereign powers could wage war and take life at will; In 1999, the Federal Bureau of Investigation such power was unconditional and unchecked. Later, opened a case against al-Awlaki for alleged the sovereign ruler could veritably only kill subjects who communication with various terrorist contacts, like rose up or posed a direct threat to him. His power was al-Qaeda’s Ziyad Khaleel and the convicted architect “the right to take life or let live,” “a right of seizure.” 25 behind the 1993 World Trade Center Bombing, Omar However, that has ultimately been replaced by “a power Abdel Rahman. The case was closed for lack of to foster life or disallow it to the point of death.” 26 The evidence.17 This became a common theme. Two of state now exercises what Foucault terms “biopower,” the 9/11 hijackers, Khalid al-Mihdhar and Nawaf al- and there is “an explosion of numerous and diverse Hazmi, attended al-Awlaki’s mosque before the 2001 techniques for achieving the subjugations of bodies and attacks. After 9/11, an investigation on al-Awlaki was the control of populations.” 27 The state is much more opened and subsequently closed for lack of evidence. powerful when it is ingrained in almost every aspect of Al-Awlaki also had contact with Nadal Malik Hasan its subjects’ lives. Now, sovereign powers still exercise years before Hasan carried out the 2009 Fort Hood violence—but in the name of protecting life. Foucault shooting. Still no charges were brought against al- turns to the example of executions, which have become Awlaki. In 2006, al-Awlaki was arrested by US-backed far less common than war. “Capital punishment could forces in Yemen and imprisoned without charge for 18 not be maintained except by invoking less the enormity months.19 He was finally released because the Republic of the crime itself than the monstrosity of the criminal, of Yemen did “not have sufficient evidence to charge his incorrigibility, and the safeguard of society,” him and can no longer hold him illegally.”20 During his writes Foucault. “One had the right to kill those who imprisonment, al-Awlaki’s conception of Islam became represented a kind of biological danger to others.” 28 more fundamentalist and extreme; after his release, he U.S. forces failed to clearly began in earnest to purport violence and jihad against America.21 While there was no proof that al-Awlaki had define what al-Awlaki’s led Nadal Malik Hasan towards violence, he praised him crime had been 22 “ after the attacks, lauding him as a “hero.” Al-Awlaki Anwar al-Awlaki’s killing almost eerily fits preached for martyrdom and jihad online.