Self-serving National Ideologies: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Turkish Cypriot Radio News Lyndon C. S. Way A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Journalism, Media and Cultural Studies Cardiff University 2009 UMI Number: U584403 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U584403 Published by ProQuest LLC 2013. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Abstract This thesis examines the historical formation and contemporary circulation of competing variants of Turkish Cypriot nationalisms as they are realised in different Turkish Cypriot radio news outlets. Unlike North Atlantic models of journalism, these media are not governed by the values of neutrality nor of a fourth estate role, being closely aligned to political interests. Presently, there is an ideological struggle between two versions of Turkish Cypriot nationalism in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). Turkish nationalism’ se es TRNC as part of a pan-Turkish nation. Within this ideology, TRNC’s future is linked to Turkey and independent of the Republic of Cyprus. ‘Pro-federation’ nationalism sees TRNC as part of an inclusive Cypriot identity. TRNC’s future is in a federation with the Republic of Cyprus. TRNC radio, each station closely affiliated to one of these nationalisms, is one site where national discourses can be accessed and evaluated. In this thesis, Critical Discourse Analysis is used to reveal how participants and their actions are represented in news stories. These shape the way that events appear, contributing to prevailing nationalisms. This analysis is contextualised historically, conceptually and ethnographically with newsroom studies. These produce an understanding of the processes behind a set of highly ideological news texts. This thesis adds to existing academic work which indicates that Cypriot media frame events in ways which aggravate the Cyprus conflict. Unlike other studies, this thesis challenges the myth that national discourses are uniform expressions and allegiances in news media. Instead, the data analysed reveal national discourses are internally fractured, politically differentiated and temporal. Though discourses mostly support interests associated with each station, some pretextual discourses of compromise, cooperation and unity are revealed. Though minimal, these contribute to a solution-friendly atmosphere which frees residents from a life of embargoes, fear and isolation. Acknowledgements Thanks to David Machin for guiding me through this. Our long chats and your suggestions have always been just enough to push me to the next level. Our marathon discussion over Chinese with Adam Jaworski won’t be forgotten. To Ayla who supported me through the thick and thin of this process. To Erim and Kerem who know that “baba” has to go to the office to do his course. To Halit Tansoy, Emrah Kocabuga, Yurdakul Cafer and Zeynep Karabulut for all their translation work and cultural clues. To Simon Cottle and his suggestions. To Danny Walsh for proof reading And finally to all the hardworking and helpful people at BRTI, KFM and Radyo T who put up with bothersome observations, questions and repeated visits. Table of Contents Abstract............................................................................................................................. ii Aknowledgements ........................................................................................................... iii I. Introduction............................................................................................1 1.1 Opening rationale for this thesis ............................................................ 1 1.2 TRNC historical context ...........................................................................2 1.3 Turkish Cypriot Nationalisms ..................................................................4 1.4 Turkish Cypriot Media .............................................................................. 6 1.5 The object of investigation ...................................................................... 9 1.6 Language and Ideology .........................................................................11 1.7 Critical Discourse Analysis Principles ................................................. 13 1.8 This thesis’ structure...............................................................................14 1.9 W hat’s at S ta k e ?..................................................................................... 15 II. A history of Cyprus and Cypriot Media from the British colonial period to present................................................................................17 11.1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 17 11.2 British Colonial period (1878 to 1960) ................................................19 11.2.1 Events and Issues leading to Cypriot independence ..............19 11.2.11 Media’ role in establishing Turkish Cypriot nationalism .........21 11.3 The Republic of Cyprus until Turkish Invasion (1960 to 1974) ...... 24 11.3.1 Events and Issues leading to military intervention ................... 24 11.3.11 Media contribution to radical Turkish Cypriot nationalism ....28 11.4 Division (1974) to present ....................................................................30 11.4.1 Events and Issues contributing to diverse Turkish Cypriot nationalisms ........................................................................................... 30 11.4.11 Media’s contribution to diverse Turkish Cypriot nationalisms .................................................................................................................. 34 II.5 Conclusion ..............................................................................................37 III. Nationalism........................................................................................ 39 III. 1 Introduction ............................................................................................39 111.2 The Ideology of Nation ........................................................................ 40 111.2.1 Nations’ constructed nature ....................................................... 40 lll.2.i.a ‘Hot’ and ‘Banal’ nationalism ............................................ 41 111.2.11 National imaginings and their origins .......................................42 111.3 Media’s roles in nations ...................................................................... 44 111.3.1 Nation building .............................................................................. 44 111.3.11 Nation m aintaining ...................................................................... 45 111.4 Turkish Cypriot nationalism ............................................................... 49 111.4.1 History of Turkish Cypriot nationalism .......................................50 111.4.11 Present Turkish Cypriot nationalisms ......................................54 111.4.11.a The CTP’s Turkish Cypriot Nationalism .................. 54 111.4.11.b The UBP’s Turkish Cypriot Nationalism .................. 58 111.5 Conclusion .............................................................................................62 IV. Methodology...................................................................................... 63 IV. 1 Introduction .........................................................................................63 IV.2 Critical Discourse A nalysis ................................................................64 IV.2.i Basic principles of CDA and Rationale .................................64 IV.2.ii This thesis’s Approach to CDA............................................... 66 V IV.2.ii.a Station and Story S am ples ........................................ 66 IV.2.ii.b This thesis’s approach to the analysis of te x ts 69 IV.2.ii.b.1 Inclusions and exclusions ...........................70 IV.2.ii.b.2 Lexical Strategies........................................ 71 IV.2.ii.b.2.i Nam ings.......................................... 71 IV.2.ii.b.2.ii Personal or Im personal ............... 73 IV.2.ii.b.2.iii Deixis ............................................ 73 IV.2.ii.b.3 Grammatical Strategies..............................73 IV.2.ii.b.3.i Participant in a c la u se ..................73 IV.2.ii.b.3.ii Within a Circum stance ................ 75 IV.2.ii.b.4 Reported S p e e c h ......................................... 76 IV.2.ii.b.4.i Speaking V erb s..............................77 IV.2.ii.b.4.ii Direct and indirect sp e e c h ...........78 IV.2.ii.b.4.iii Appraisal T heory ......................... 78 IV.2.ii.b.4.iv Multi-layering................................80 IV.2.ii.b.5 Abstraction of Action ................................... 80 IV.2.ii.b.6 Presuppositions ........................................... 81 IV.2.ii.b.7 Collocations and Co-text .............................81 IV.2.iii Criticisms of CDA