The Rockefeller Foundation Annual Report 1936 SLP 8- 1937 49 West 49th Street New York © 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation © 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation CONTENTS PAGE FOREWORD xi PRESIDENT'S REVIEW 1 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY 61 REPORT OF THE WORK. OF THE INTERNATIONAL HEALTH DIVISION .. 67 REPORT OF WORK IN THE MEDICAL SCIENCES 129 REPORT OF WORK IN THE NATURAL SCIENCES 175 REPORT OF WORK IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES 225 REPORT OF WORK IN THE HUMANITIES 263 REPORT OF WORK IN CHINA 307 REPORT OF THE TREASURER 335 INDEX 419 © 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation © 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE A "doctor" of the Carajd tribe, Goyaz, Brazil, being examined by a member of the staff of the YelJow Fever Service 83 Isolated Brazilian farm where cases of yellow fever occurred 83 A village home in Rumania 84 A rural family group, Holboca, Rumania 84 A yaws clinic at Ski bo, Jamaica 95 X-ray examination for diagnosis of tuberculosis, R0nne, Denmark 95 Antityphoid inoculation clinic of the Cueraavaca health unit 95 Paving a drain with half tiles, Puerto Cabello, Venezuela 96 Educational work in connection with the malaria survey of Oriente Province, Cuba 96 Weighing babies at a health center in Batavia, Java 113 Health center in Istanbul, Turkey 113 Philippine public health nurse on a round of visits 114 Kymograph and recording unit for testing conditioned reflexes of animals, Cornell University 149 Extension of the National Hospital, Queen Square, London 149 New addition to the biology building of the University of Missouri 150 Laboratory at the State University of Iowa where investigations on normal growing cells are being made 193 Electron microscope, Washington University 193 Section of differential analyzer 194 Scene from Singing Valley^ a new comedy of Mexican village life produced by the Carolina Playmakers 275 Washington State Theatre 276 New Bodleian Library building 276 Group participating in one of the world youth broadcasts of Radio Station W1XAL 283 One of the uses of microphotography 284 Pupil of an incorporated village school in China teaching members of his family what he has learned in his classes 317 Chinese pupil teachers at science demonstration , 317 Training pupils in hygiene in a Chinese village school 318 Weighing millet on a demonstration farm in China 318 New building of the Public Health Training Division of the Na- tional Health Administration, Nanking 325 A laboratory in the National Health Administration building— 325 Laboratory for study of insect feeding habits, Nanking 326 Workers gathering data on infected wheat heads for the Agricul- tural Research Bureau 326 © 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION MEMBERS, COMMITTEES, AND OFFICERS 1936 Members WlNTHROP W. AlDRICR MAX MASON" JOHN W. DAVIS THOMAS I. PARKINSON Lewis W. DOUGLAS JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, JR. JOHN FOSTER DULLES JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, 3RD RAYMOND B. FOSDICK WATTES W. STEWART WALTER S. GEPFORD HAROLD H. SWIFT JEROME D. GREENE GEORGE H, WHIFFLE ERNEST M, HOPKINS RAY LYMAN WILBUR OWEN D. YOUNG Executive Committee THE PRESIDENT, Chairman LEWIS W. DOUGLAS JEROME D. GREENE JOHN FOSTER DULLES THOMAS I. PARKINSON RAYMOND B. FOSDICK JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, 3RD WALTER W. STEWART Finance Committee JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, JR., Chairman WINTHROP W. ALDRICH WALTER W. STEWART International Health Division Scientific Directors ALBERT J. CHESLEY, M.D. WALLER S. LEATHERS, M.D. RUFUS COLE. M.D. EUGENE L. OPIE, M.D. JOHN G. FITZGERALD, M.D. THOMAS PARRAN, JR., M.D. THE DIRECTOR OF THE DIVISION Officers Chairman of tin Board of Trustees JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER. JR. President MAX MASON' RAYMOND B. FOSDICX* Vice-Presidents THOMAS B. APPLEGET SELSKAR M. GUNN Director for the Medical Sciences ALAN GREGG, M.D. Director for the Natural Sciences WARREN WEAVER Director for (tie Social Sciences EDMUND E. DAY Director for the Humanities DAVID H. STEVENS Director, International Health Division WILDUH A. SAWYER, M.D. Secretary NORHA S. THOMPSON Treasurer LEFFESTS M. DASHIBLL Comptroller GEORGE J. BEAL Counsel THOMAS M. DEBEVOISE Associate Counsel CHAUNCBY BELKNAP »Retired July I, 1936. « From July 1,1936. © 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION MEMBERS, COMMITTEES, AND OFFICERS 1937 Members WlNTHKOP W. AtDRICH ERNBST M. HOWKWS JOHN W. DAVIS THOMAS I. PARKINSON HAROLD W. DODOS ALFRED N. RICHARDS LEWIS W. DOUGLAS JOHN D, ROCKEFELLER, JR. JOHN FOSTER DULLES JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, 3RD RAYMOND B. FOSDICK WALTER W. STEWART DOUGLAS S. FREEMAN HAROLD H. SWIFT HKRBEBT S. GASSER GEORGB H. WHIFPLB WALTER S, GIFFQRD RAY LYMAN WILBUR JEROME D. GREENE OWEN D. YOUNG Executive Committee THE PRESIDENT, Chairman LEWIS W. DOUGLAS THOMAS I. PARKINSON JOHN FOSTER DULLES JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, 3&D WALTER S. GlFFORD WALTER W. STEWART JEROME D. GREENE GEORGE H. WHIPPLB Pittance Committee JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, JR., Chairman WnJTHROP W. ALDRICH WALTER W. STBWAST International B faith Division Scientific Directors JOHN G. FITZGERALD, M.D. EUGENE L. OPIB, M.D. WALLER S. LEATHERS, M.D. THOMAS PARRAN, JR., M.D. KENNETH F. MAXCY, M.D. THOMAS M, RIVERS, M.D. THE DIRECTOR OF THE DIVISION Officers Chairman of the Board of Trustees JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, JB. President RAYMOND B. FOSDICK Vice-Presidents THOMAS B. APPLEGET SELSKAR M. GUNN Director for the Medical Sciences ALAN GREGG, M.D. Director for the Natural Sciences WARRBN WEAVER Director for the Social Sciences EDMUND E. DAY ' Director for the Bttmanities DAVID H. STBVBNS Director, International Health Division WILBUR A. SAWYER, M.D. Secretary NORMA S. THOMPSON Treasurer LEFFERTS M. DASHJBU. Comptroller GEORGE J. BEAL Counsel THOMAS M. DEBBVOISE Associate Counsel CHAUNCEY BELKNAP © 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation © 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation To the Trustees of The Rockefeller Foundation: Gentlemen: I have the honor to transmit herewith a gen- eral review of the work of The Rockefeller Foundation for the period January 1, 1936, to December 31, 1936, together with detailed re- ports of the Secretary and the Treasurer of the Foundation, the Director of the International Health Division, the Directors for the Medical Sciences, the Natural Sciences, the Social Sci- ences, and the Humanities, and the Vice-Presi- dent in charge of the program in China. Respectfully yours, RAYMOND B. FOSDICK President © 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation © 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION PRESIDENT'S REVIEW FOR 1936 © 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation © 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation CONTENTS PAGE THE YEAR IN BRIEF 3 THE PURPOSE AND METHOD OF THE FOUNDATION 4 "THE PROPER STUDY OF MANKIND ..." 6 MAKING WORK FOR HEALTH WORKERS 8 THE JUNGLE STRIKES BACK 10 WORKING WITH OTHER DISEASES 17 THE WORLD OF THE MIND 21 EGGS IN MANY BASKETS 23 THE IMPORTANCE OF VERY SMALL QUANTITIES 25 STUDIES OF THE DUCTLESS GLANDS 28 SCIENCE AND SOCIAL PROGRESS 32 "ARROWS OF OUTRAGEOUS FORTUNE" 34 "ANOTHER ICE AGE" 37 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 38 THE ROLE OF THE HUMANITIES 41 THE PROGRAM IN THE HUMANITIES 43 "EAST is EAST" 45 THE FOUNDATION AND CHINA 49 TRAINING FOR LEADERSHIP 53 SCHOLARS IN EXILE 57 APPLICATIONS FOR AID 59 © 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation © 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation PRESIDENT'S REVIEW The Year in Brief In giving away $11,300,000 during 1936 in connection with its world-wide program, The Rockefeller Foundation cooperated financially with 130 agencies, in amounts varying from several thousand to several hundred thousand dollars; made available to scholars engaged in advanced scientific work 222 grants in aid, rang- ing in amount from a few hundred to a few thou- sand dollars; provided some 700 fellowships for postgraduate training of young men on whom will fall the burden of future leadership in fields of science, public health, and social welfare; made two large grants for endowment in con- nection with the closing out of a former program; and conducted, by means of its own field staff of about seventy public health experts, re- searches in yellow fever, malaria, hookworm dis- ease, tuberculosis, yaws, diphtheria, schisto- somiasis, and influenza. The agencies aided by The Rockefeller Foun- dation include 41 local and national govern- ments, 44 educational institutions, such as schools, colleges, and universities, 20 research institutes, 2 libraries, and 23 councils, associa- © 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 4 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION tions, societies, and commissions, most of them national or international in scope. Work in 53 foreign countries was included in the Foundation's program of activities. The agencies with which it cooperated financially have a geographical range all the way from Scan- dinavia to Java. The funds appropriated for projects located in countries other than the United States amounted to $3,621,000, or about one-third of the total expenditures of the year. The balance was appropriated for projects con- ducted by organizations within the United States, The Purpose and Method of the Foundation The purpose of The Rockefeller Foundation, written into its charter in 1913, is "to promote the well-being of mankind throughout the world." Changing conditions in scientific and social development must necessarily affect deci- sions as to how that purpose can best be realized. Nevertheless, for a decade or more, the advance of knowledge, with research as the chief tool, has been the definite objective and method of Foundation action. The program has extended into the fields of natural science, social science, medical science, the humanities, and public health. Except in public health, the Foundation is not an