Developing Port Clean Air Programs A 2012 update to the International Association of Ports and Harbor’s Air Quality Toolbox Prepared for: June 2012 Prepared by: Starcrest Consulting Group, LLC P.O. Box 434 Poulsbo, WA 98370 Table of Contents 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1 2. Background: A Call to Action ............................................................................................... 2 3. Overview of Air Quality Concerns and Mechanisms for Improvement ................................. 3 Key Air Pollutants for the Port and Maritime Sector and Their Sources ............................................ 3 Air Pollutants and Health Effects ...................................................................................................... 4 Particulate Matter (PM) ....................................................................................................................... 5 Sulfur Oxides (SOx) .............................................................................................................................. 5 Carbon Monoxide (CO) ........................................................................................................................ 6 Approaches to Reducing Emissions from Port and Maritime Sources ................................................ 6 Common Principles for Emission Reduction Approaches .................................................................... 7 4. Technological Options for Improving Air Quality ............................................................... 14 General Emission Control Technologies .......................................................................................... 14 Diesel Oxidation Catalysts (DOCs) ..................................................................................................... 14 Closed Crankcase Ventilation (CCV) ................................................................................................... 15 Diesel Particulate Filters (DPFs) ......................................................................................................... 16 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) ................................................................................................... 18 Lean NOx Catalyst (LNC) .................................................................................................................... 20 On-Engine Modifications ................................................................................................................ 21 Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) ........................................................................................................ 21 Diesel Fuel Alternatives .................................................................................................................. 22 ULTRA LOW SULFUR DIESEL (ULSD) ................................................................................................... 22 BIODIESEL FUEL (BXX) ........................................................................................................................ 23 EMULSIFIED DIESEL FUEL (EDF) ......................................................................................................... 26 Emission Control Options for Specific Sectors ................................................................................. 28 Strategies to Reduce Emissions From Ocean-Going Vessels ............................................................. 28 Strategies to Reduce Emissions From Harbor Craft ........................................................................... 34 Strategies to Reduce Emissions From Cargo Handling Equipment .................................................... 36 5. CREATING AND IMPLEMENTING A CLEAN AIR PROGRAM .................................................. 39 COMMITTING TO CLEAN AIR .......................................................................................................... 39 Appoint a Clean Air Director .............................................................................................................. 39 Establish a Clean Air Team ................................................................................................................. 40 Coordinate with Stakeholders and Regulatory Agencies ................................................................... 40 The Plan-Do-Check-Act Cycle for Continuous Improvement ............................................................. 40 PLAN – Planning A Clean Air Program ............................................................................................. 41 Evaluate Programs Prepared by Others ............................................................................................. 42 Determine Emissions Baseline and Pollutant Prioritization ............................................................... 42 Define Goals ....................................................................................................................................... 47 Determine Technical Approach ......................................................................................................... 49 Determine Performance Targets ....................................................................................................... 49 Establish a Tracking System to Help Monitor Progress ..................................................................... 51 DO – Implementing Strategies ........................................................................................................ 52 Coordination Approach ..................................................................................................................... 52 Communication Approach ................................................................................................................. 52 Technical Approach ........................................................................................................................... 52 CHECK – Measuring Results ............................................................................................................ 54 Monitor and Evaluate Progress ......................................................................................................... 54 ACT – Review The Clean Air Program and Update Regularly ........................................................... 55 Make Improvements to The Clean Air Program ................................................................................ 55 Celebrate Program Achievement ....................................................................................................... 55 6. Case Studies ...................................................................................................................... 56 CASE STUDY: SAN PEDRO BAY PORTS CLEAN AIR ACTION PLAN ..................................................... 57 CASE STUDY: NORTHWEST PORTS CLEAN AIR STRATEGY ............................................................... 58 CASE STUDY: PORT OF NEW YORK AND NEW JERSEY CLEAN AIR STRATEGY ................................... 59 CASE STUDY: RIJNMOND REGIONAL AIR QUALITY ACTION PROGRAM ........................................... 60 7. GLOSSARY OF TERMs ........................................................................................................ 62 1. Introduction The purpose of this guidance document is to provide an overview of technologies, policies and program examples that illustrate proven and effective approaches to reducing air emissions from port and maritime operations. Balancing port operations and development with environmental considerations can be challenging, especially with issues like air quality and climate change that are complex and evolving. This document provides information on air quality issues and their relationship to port and maritime activities. Based on actual port experiences, it describes strategies to reduce emissions and guidance on how to develop a Clean Air Program (CAP). Strategies such as repowering older engines, applying effective technologies for efficiency and emission control, and using alternative and cleaner fuels in maritime operations will dramatically reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Taking decisive action using these strategies will improve local air quality and ensure that your port can provide the economic benefits to the community while safeguarding public health. Every port authority in every country has different needs, jurisdictions, and capabilities. The resources provided here are intended to help initiate, inspire, and inform discussions within port authorities and among their industry and regulatory partners about what course of action is regionally appropriate. Developing Port Clean Air Programs 1 ICCT 2. Background: A Call to Action As international trade continues to increase each year, port cities are booming from the increase in industries supporting the transportation and distribution of these goods. However, the increase in international trade has also led to the increase in air emissions from port-related maritime activities as well as local and regional goods-transport. The potential health risk impacts associated with the goods movement sector have extended fully along the network between manufacturer and consumer. Some of this impact can be seen in and adjacent to port marine terminals because all modes of transport (trucks, ships, cargo handling equipment,