Typhoons and hurricanes Jeremy D. Bricker [email protected] September 2020 Typhoons and hurricanes (tropical cyclones) • History • Causes • Effects and countermeasures – River flooding – Storm surge – Large waves – Wind and tornadoes www.katrina.noaa.gov Jeremy D. Bricker, PE, PhD CiTG 3.96 [email protected] History https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tropical_cyclones_1945_2006_wikicolor.png -Climate change: tropical cyclone tracks are migrating poleward at a rate of about 60km/decade (Kossin et al., Nature, 2014). -Mid-latitudes are not as well-prepared for strong winds and floods, so will be prone to damage until building codes are updated. Historical deadly cyclones The 30 Deadliest Tropical Cyclones in World History Rank Name / Areas of Largest Loss Year Ocean Area Deaths 1. Great Bhola Cyclone, Bangladesh 1970 Bay of Bengal 500,000 Hooghly River Cyclone, India and 2. 1737 Bay of Bengal 300,000 Bangladesh 3. Haiphong Typhoon, Vietnam 1881 West Pacific 300,000 3. Coringa, India 1839 Bay of Bengal 300,000 5. Backerganj Cyclone, Bangladesh 1584 Bay of Bengal 200,000 Great Backerganj Cyclone, 6. 1876 Bay of Bengal 200,000 Bangladesh 7. Chittagong, Bangladesh 1897 Bay of Bengal 175,000 8. Super Typhoon Nina, China 1975 West Pacific 171,000 9. Cyclone 02B, Bangladesh 1991 Bay of Bengal 140,000 9. Cyclone Nargis, Myanmar 2008 Bay of Bengal 140,000 11. Great Bombay Cyclone, India 1882 Arabian Sea 100,000 12. Hakata Bay Typhoon, Japan 1281 West Pacific 65,000 http://www.wunderground.com/hurricane/deadlyworld.asp Historical cyclone: Hakata Bay typhoons (Kamikaze) in 1274 and 1281 Result: Mongol navy destroyed, Japan remained sovereign. en.wikipedia.org Historical cyclone: Bhola cyclone, 1970 • 500,000 people killed in East Pakistan by storm surge, because the country is very low- lying and flat. • West Pakistan government was criticized for late and insufficient disaster response. • Adding to already tense politics, the cyclone triggered the Bangladesh Liberation War. • 1971 - East Pakistan separated from Pakistan and gained sovereignty as Bangladesh. Historical cyclone: Hurricane Katrina, 2005 Historical cyclone: Hurricane Katrina, 2005 Storm surge overtopping floodwall wunderground.com Historical cyclone: Hurricane Katrina, 2005 Levee breaches nytimes.com Historical cyclone: Hurricane Katrina, 2005 Floodwaters remaining after the storm greenheritagenews.com 911review.org Historical cyclone: Hurricane Katrina, 2005 Patching levees museumofthecity.org npr.org Historical cyclone: Hurricane Katrina, 2005 Pumping floodwaters out nbcnews.com places.designobserver.com 2017 Hurricane Season 2nd most damaging hurricane season in US history with $200 billion damage and 103 deaths. 2005 (Katrina, Rita) was more damaging at $212 billion and 1,225 deaths. The Galveston hurricane in 1900 caused ~8,000 deaths and $104 billion damage. NASA/NOAA GOES project, 8 Sep 2017 Katia, Irma, Jose (after Harvey, before Maria) 2017 Hurricane Season - Ophelia Yesterday’s news? Multiple western Pacific Typhoons https://blog.metoffice.gov.uk/2015/07/09/mul tiple-tropical-cyclones-in-the-pacific/ Recent destructive tropical cyclones • 2017 Hurricane Harvey – Slow moving storm – ~150 cm of rain within 1 week • 2018 Typhoon #21 (Jebi) – Highest recorded storm tide in Osaka Bay – Kansai airport flooded and closed – Significant rainfall in Hokkaido, followed by a large earthquake, resulting in landslides Causes www.ec.gc.ca Causes en.wikipedia.org meted.ucar.edu wunderground.com Causes Centrifugal Coriolis Pressure force force gradient • Near the equator, the Coriolis force is zero, so hurricanes cannot form there. • At high latitudes, water is not warm enough to sustain the heat engine creating the pressure gradient so storms die. http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/D9.html Effects – river flooding Wakayama, Typhoon #12, 2011 • 90 dead • $1.2 billion damage http://www.asahi.com Countermeasures – river flooding • Levees • Dams and detention basins • Porous pavement and rainwater harvesting • Relocation away from floodplain • Evacuation Effects – landslides Wakayama, Typhoon #12, 2011 http://www.asahi.com geology.enr.state.nc.us Effects – landslide damming a river Sichuan, China Countermeasures – landslides Shear stability Drainage http://en.wikipedia.org www.williamsform.com http://en.wikipedia.org www.kensetsu.metro.tokyo.jp Effects – storm surge • Two components (usually) – Pressure (inverse barometer) – Winds • At sea – biggest in front right quadrant • On land – biggest for onshore winds Effects – storm surge Typhoon Kitty, Tokyo, 1949 http://www.mlit.go.jp/river/trash_box/paper/pdf_english/17.pdf Effects – storm surge Ise Bay Typhoon, Nagoya, 1959 http://www.mlit.go.jp/river/trash_ box/paper/pdf_english/17.pdf Effects – storm surge Superstorm Sandy, New Jersey, 2012 boston.com Effects – storm surge Superstorm Sandy, New York, 2012 www.washington23.com Effects – storm surge Superstorm Sandy, New http://www.smh.com.au York, 2012 abcnews.go.com Effects – storm surge Superstorm Sandy, New York, 2012 www.theatlanticcities.com Effects – storm surge Superstorm Sandy, New York, 2012 boston.com www.knoxnews.com Effects – storm surge Typhoon #21, 2018 https://www.jma.go.jp/jp/choi/index.html?areaCode=211 Kobe Osaka Sumoto Tannowa Effects – storm surge Typhoon #21, 2018 Osaka Past record (1961 Muroto Typhoon) Storm surge warning Storm surge watch Effects – storm surge Typhoon #21, 2018 Kansai airport Effects – storm surge Typhoon #21, 2018 Kansai airport Effects – storm surge Typhoon #21, 2018 Kobe port storm surge over quay wall Countermeasures – storm surge Tokyo metro http://www.tokyometro.jp Countermeasures – storm surge Tokyo gates http://www.kouwan.metro.tokyo.jp Countermeasures – storm surge Tokyo bayside levees and closures http://www.kouwan.metro.tokyo.jp Countermeasures – storm surge USA – tunnel plug http://www.dhs.gov Countermeasures – storm surge USA – manually placing barriers for Sandy www.dailymail.co.uk Countermeasures – storm surge USA – manually placing barriers for Sandy grist.org New Orleans storm surge protection system www.nola.com Countermeasures – large waves and storm surge Netherlands Delta Works Note: storm surge in Holland is not due to tropical cyclones, but to extratropical storms: • Tropical cyclones are barotropic, driven by warm ocean causing air to rise. • Extratropical storms/cyclones are baroclinic, driven by differences in density among warm, cold, and cool air masses. wellcentered.wordpress.com Asahi News http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/7s.html Examples of floods in the Netherlands Year Name Effect 1170 All Saints Flood Breaching of lake, creation of Zuiderzee 1212 North Holland Flood 60,000 deaths ? 1219 St. Marcellus' Flood 36,000 deaths 1287 St. Lucia’s Flood 50,000 to 80,000 deaths 1362 >25,000 deaths 1421 St. Elizabeth’s Flood 2,0000 to 10,000 deaths 1530 St. Felix’s Flood 100,000 deaths 1570 All Saints Flood 20,000 deaths 1703 Friesland storm 8,000 to 15,000 deaths 1717 Christmas Flood 14,000 deaths 1825 Groningen flood >800 deaths 1916 Zuiderzee flood Dike breaks in North Holland 1953 North Sea flood 2,551 deaths 1170 All Saints Flood: Breach of Lake Flevo, creation of the Zuiderzee https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuiderzee https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Flevo Scenes from Dutch floods 1953 1855 Wikipedia 1421 1717 Countermeasures – storm surge Zuiderzee Works • After 1916 storm surge • Construction 1927-1933 • Turned Zuiderzee into freshwater lakes • Water level controlled to protect Amsterdam and surrounding provinces • New land created Countermeasures – storm surge Netherlands Delta Works https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:North_Sea_flood_of_1953.png • 1953 storm surge • 2,000 dead • 9% of the country flooded Countermeasures –storm surge Netherlands Delta Works http://www.deltawerken.com/23 Countermeasures – waves and storm surge: San Francisco airport seawalls https://www.flysfo.com/environme nt/adaptation-resilience Effects – large waves www.history.navy.mil www.businessinsider.com www.telegraph.co.uk www.foxnews.com Effects – large waves Typhoon #21, 2018 Wave overtopping in Kochi Countermeasures – San Francisco seawall large waves Seawalls www.nobleconsultants.com Countermeasures – large waves Caisson breakwaters http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/miracleharbor.htm Towing caisson across English channel Caissons sunk off Normandy Countermeasures – large waves Rubble mound breakwaters en.academic.ru www.kennisbank-waterbouw.nl www.sourisharbourauthority.com Countermeasures – large waves and storm surge Mangrove forests http://en.wikipedia.org Countermeasures – large waves and storm surge Coastal wetlands soundwaves.usgs.gov • Coastal wetlands slow down the inundation from storm surge • Typical storms – wetlands reduce storm surge height • Very long-duration storms – wetlands can increase storm surge height http://coastal.louisiana.gov Effects – wind and tornadoes news.nationalgeographic.com http://www.boston.com http://www.midstate const.com www.cnn.com Effects – wind Typhoon #21, 2018 Kansai airport bridge Effects – wind Typhoon #21, 2018 This is the bridge from Kansai airport (artificial island) to the mainland, leaving about 3,000 passengers stuck at the airport. Effects – wind Typhoon #21, 2018 Osaka typical corrugated roof damage Countermeasures - wind and tornadoes http://www.midstate const.com www.nachi.org Countermeasures – warning • Satellite weather observation • Global weather stations • Aircraft observations • Computer models www.christianpost.com Countermeasures