SSSaaammmpppllleee CCChhhaaapppttteeerrr StadiumATLAS - Technical Recommendations for Grandstands in Modern Stadia Editor: Stefan Nixdorf Copyright © 2008 Ernst & Sohn, Berlin ISBN: 978-3-433-01851-4 Wilhelm Ernst & Sohn Verlag für Architektur und technische Wissenschaften GmbH & Co. KG Rotherstraße 21, 10245 Berlin Deutschland www.ernst-und-sohn.de Chapter 11 External circulation systems A fundamental planning principle for all circula- Number of tiers tion systems is to provide easy orientation to vis- Depending on the concept and capacity, the itors of the stadium. This should preferably be stand structure is divided into tiers. The classical achieved through structural provisions, i. e. visi- earth stadium with just one lower tier is either bility of routing through decreasing hierarchy of created by lowering of the pitch into the ground space proportions, rather than through addi- (or topographical trough /hillside) or by con- tional visual measures such as signage, etc. En- structing a circulating embankment. trances should ideally be visible from afar and The concept of the built stadium either replac- directly from the general circulation routes es the terrain elevation of the Greek or Roman around the stadium. Colour coding on tickets theatre, or complements the spectator embank- designating each sector (blue, green, yellow, red) ment by a further structural upper tier (as in should also be clearly reproduced at the relevant Müngersdorfer Stadion, Cologne, 1975). The entrances. Segregation of spectator streams is number of consecutive tiers depends on the re- part of the safety concept of guiding different quired capacity and the utilizations designated groups to their sectors along intersection-free to the ancillary rooms beneath the terrace. routes: – Home fans/Visitors World Cup Stadium Stuttgart: one-tier stadium – Regular spectators/VIPs World Cup Stadium Cologne: two-tier stadium – Press/VIPs World Cup Stadium Munich: three-tier stadium – Players/Service personnel. Note: Mistakes may occur when determining 216 Main stand west (below tent roof) Zone 1 – Playing field central area the number of tiers of a grandstand. For exam- Olympic Stadium, Berlin Zone 2 – Spectator stand auditorium ple, a two-tier stadium from a visual or structur- 217 Reverse stand – (Estadio Azteca) Guillermo Cañedo, Mexico City Zone 3 – Stadium circulation area al viewpoint, the Aztec Stadium in Mexico City Capacity 105,060 Zone 4 – Sports complex external area (Guillermo Cañedo) is a three-tier stadium with regards to circulation. Ingress and egress at the 1st check at the outer safety ring upper tier of World Cup Stadium Hamburg, 2nd check at the stadium entrances takes place on two access levels. Technically a 3rd check at the concourse access to the stand two-tier stadium, the size of the spectator blocks 4th check at the stand vomitories at the upper tier forms two tiers (middle and up- per tier) which are fed from a lateral gangway. Pre-dimensioning and circulation Corresponding to the above mentioned areas, To avoid confusion, terraces should be distin- Shedding light on the relationship between external and internal circulation are distin- guished by clear visual separations such as ‘box guished. All routes beyond or below the stand tiers’ (one joint = two tiers). circulation systems and holding capacity belong to the external group. All routes to seat- ing/standing places on the stand (from access / To reach their seats, spectators follow two direc- vomitory) belong to the internal group. tions of movement: vertical and horizontal. A stadium with more than one tier should guide spectator streams vertically to the different lateral gangways/concourses. Chap11 110-121_bp_Korr2.indd 110 11.01.2008 14:16:31 Uhr External circulation systems 111 Generally, the routes leading there and back The length of each ramp flight is limited to 1st tier are the same. Determination of necessary exit 600 cm maximum. Platforms are to be installed widths applies only to emergency evacuation. between the flights. No descending stairs may be Earth embankment stadium Regular routing may be complemented by addi- placed at the prolongation of a ramp.’ 2nd tier tional escape routes (e. g. additional evacuation gates). The following vertical systems of circula- Lifts and escalators 1st tier tion are distinguished: Passenger and goods lifts are planned for almost Built structure every large sports or event venue. Goods lifts Stairs connect the low-lying storage rooms with the This is the main and most frequently implement- kitchens and kiosks in the higher storeys. In case 2nd tier ed option of leading spectators to the respective of vertical stacking of catering service units, such 1st tier circulation areas. For the external area, a design as production kitchen, dishwashing facility or value of 1.20 m per 600 persons and max. 2.40 m storage space, at least one lift system is obligato- Two-tier stadium clear flight width applies.1 ry. Provision of further goods lifts depends on Split/staggered stairs seem especially suitable the catering concept or stadium operation. 3rd tier for confined spaces; straight-line stairs, however, Passenger lifts in the VIP area facilitate con- are better as short stairs for terrace access along venient access to VIP suites as these are mostly 2nd tier the vomitory axis (compare to middle tier Alli- located on the higher levels of the box tier, at the st anz Arena, Munich, or Stade de Suisse, Berne / separation between upper and lower tier. Their 1 tier Switzerland) number and outfit depends on the wishes of the Three-tier stadium Cascading stairs covering several storeys are stadium operator, or rather on the number of relatively long and are located as near the façade people intended to be transported up or down (as in Köln-Arena, architects G. Böhm). If neces- per hour. sary, they intersect under-terrace utilizations (as Escalators, as in Gelsenkirchen or Munich, are in Allianz Arena). employed less frequently. Ramps This circulation type is becoming increasingly rare. There are, however, prominent examples, such as the Estadio Santiago de Bernabeu in Ma- drid, Spain, or the Guiseppe Meazza Stadio (San Siro) in Milan, Italy. Since the shape of such systems tends to be prominent, they possess a significant recognition value. The relevant DIN standard describes the structural requirements for ramps as follows: 2 218 Principles of circulation / tier sections 220 Circular ramp tower ‘Circulation areas for buildings with a longitu- (4 system drawings) Stadium Faro, Portugal, EURO 2004 219 Staggered stairs (drawing ca. 10 x 10 cm) 221 Short stairs between twin joggle beams dinal gradient of more than 3 % are to be real- Type RheinEnergieStadion, Cologne Stadium Stade de Suisse, Berne, EURO 2008 ized as ramps, the rake of which may be 6 % 222 Wall stairs World Cup Stadium Nuremberg 2006 maximum. A transverse slope is inadmissible. Chap11 110-121_bp_Korr2.indd 111 11.01.2008 14:16:35 Uhr 112 11 Pre-dimensioning and circulation Internal circulation systems Lateral gangway, First: Terrace access Regular distance set-up Two options of internal terrace access are The intervals at which vomitories are installed common: vary significantly in all German World Cup sta- a) from a vomitory (at the terrace), same-level or dia (from 13.5 m to 37.0 m) and are reliant on with short stairs the structural and circulation grid. The number b) from the concourse (behind the tier) of vomitories is essentially based on the underly- ing circulation principle, i. e. the way spectators Gangway width limited by A concourse or tier access is the most efficient reach the gangway: obligatory outlet, mounted option, as the terrace is accessed directly from a) vertical circulation (radial gangways) structure moving further into field of vision. the rear without loss of seating caused by vomi- b) horizontal circulation (lateral gangways) tories. This type of access is normally integrated into the gap between lower and upper tier (as in Either the vertical circulation is directly adjoined World Cup Stadium Nuremberg). to the terrace circulation (a) or the spectators are Lateral gangway, built-in unit In some cases though, this joint is already tak- distributed horizontally up to the respective en up by high-quality hospitality suites, mostly gangway. with a large VIP area adjoining at the rear. An exception would be the Olympic Stadium in Two different principles are distinguished: one Berlin which has corridors from the lower circu- vomitory – one gangway or one vomitory – two Minimum gangway width 1.20 m lation levels passing through between individual gangways. In the latter case, the gangways are lo- Turn-around radius 1.20 m groups of boxes. cated along the field axis, i. e. one vomitory for Access to the upper tier accommodation is every other planning grid. mostly via vomitories, as it seems rather unprac- In the case of horizontal distribution of spec- tical to bring spectators to the height of the up- tators (as for the upper tier of World Cup Stadi- per edge/upper tier in order to then access the um Hamburg), the gangway width should be in- tier from the rear. (Exception: AWD Arena, tegrated into the terrace elevation to keep it from Hanover, where the upper tier of the west stand affecting the sightline profile of people sitting is accessed via the wall system and the lower tier behind. Depending on the number of people it via a lateral gangway called ‘Avus’). has to accommodate, a larger width requires a short-stair gangway leading the evacuation route Second: Radial gangway system from the vertical to the horizontal, without dim- As MVStättV 2005 limits block width to a maxi- inution. The stairway itself may cause viewing 223 Vomitory circulation mum of 2 x 20 places, the distribution of gang- restrictions. Stade de France, Paris ways becomes essential: Capacity 80,000 224 Access situation through vomitory Maximum block size: 30 rows x 40 persons Olympic Stadium, Berlin Maximum gangway grid: 22.40 m 225 Gangway landing with turn-around radius 1.20 m 30 rows x 40 places = 1,200 persons System drawing with change of direction per 600 pers.