Notes 1 FENIANISM RECONSIDERED 1. F.L. Crilly, The Fenian Movement: the Story of the Manchester Martyrs (London, 1908) 59. 2. The Whiggish Illustrated London News reported on 25 May 1854 that the American consul in London, G.N. Sanders, had given a dinner on the eve of Washington's birthday to what amounted to a who's who of European revolutionists, including: Kossuth, Mazzini, Ledru-Rollin, Garibaldi, Orsini, Pulksy and Hertzen. All were at that time living in exile in the English capital. 3. John Newsinger, Fenianism in Mid-Victorian Britain (London, 1994) 1-3. 4. The Irishman, 16 Mar. 1867, 592. 5. T.W. Moody,Davitt and the Irish Revolution, 1846-82 (Oxford, 1981) 41. 6. Paul Bew, Land and the National Question in Ireland, 1858-82 (Dublin, 1978) 40. 7. R. Pigott, Personal Recollections of an Irish Nationalist Journalist (Dublin, 1882) 133-4. 8. David Thornley, Isaac Butt and Home Rule (London, 1964) 13. 9. Quoted in Thomas Frost, The Secret Societies of the European Revolution, 1776-1876 ii (London, 1876) 282. 10. John Neville Figgs and Reginald Vere Laurence (eds) Selections from the Correspondence of the First Lord Acton (London, 1917), Gladstone to Acton 1 Mar. 1870, 106. 11. R.V. Comerford, The Fenians in Context: Irish Politics and Society 1848-82 (Dublin, 1985) 79 and 153. 12. Bodleian Library, Oxford Clarendon Papers Irish deposit 99, Wodehouse to Clarendon 14 May 1865. 13. Irish People, 16 April 1864, 328. A point which was also given promi­ nence in The Fenian Catechism: from the Vulgate of Sf Laurence O'Toole (New York, 1867) 11. 14. APF Scritture 35, Leahy to Barnabo, 10 Aug. 1865. 15. W.J. Lowe has convincingly argued that in terms of growing nationalist consciousness in the mid-nineteenth century, that Fenianism rather than the Church was the most important component. 'The Lancashire Irish and the Catholic Church 1846-71', IHS xx (1976-77) 155. 16. Edward Lucas, The Life of Frederick Lucas M.P. (London, 1886) i 287. 17. John Denvir, The Irish in Britain (London, 1892) 182. 18. Pol. Moran (ed.), The Pastoral Letters and other Wi"itings of Cardinal Cullen (3 vols, Dublin, 1882) here ii 292. 19. Matthew Arnold, Irish Essays and Others (London, 1882) 37. Arnold's sentiments here would be worthy of those of any Ultramontane clergy­ man. 160 Notes 161 20. Laurence Kehoe (ed.), The Complete Works of the Most Reverend John Hughes D.D. (2 vols, New York, 1864-5) here ii 359-60. 2l. The Times, 24 Sept. 1875, 9. 22. The Tablet, 8 Mar. 1862, 169. By this time The Tablet was under the editorship of the Catholic Tory John Wallis. 23. John Devoy, Recollections of an Irish Rebel (New York, 1929) 217. Devoy was also concerned to emphasize that the Church's opposition to the Fenians was not because it was an oath-bound society, but because it wanted independence from the Empire. Desmond Ryan, The Phoenix Flame: a Study of Fenianism and John Devoy (London, 1937) 66-7. 24. Thomas Bell, 'The Reverend David Bell', Clogher Record vi (1967) No.2, 265. 25. John O'Leary, Recollections of Fenian and Fenianism (2 vols, London, 1896) ii 114-15. 26. See, for example, The Irish People, 18 Feb. 1865, 201. The paper also wryly contrasted the attitude of the Irish clergy to revolution in Ireland with their attitude to revolution in Poland. The Irish People, 12 Mar. 1864, 249 and 17 Dec. 1864, 109. 27. William D'Arcy, The Fenian Movement in the United States, 1858-1886 (Washington, 1947) 203. 28. CUADMA D6-2 7 Fenian material John O'Mahony to John Mitchel 10 Nov. 1865. 29. David Thornley, 'The Irish Conservatives and Home Rule, 1869-73', IHS xi (1958-9) 205. 30. T. Moody, Davitt and Irish Revolution, xv. 31. The papers of the prominent Fenian Charles Doran indicate that the Supreme Council of the IRB was deeply divided between the oppo­ nents and supporters of the policy of cooperation with the Home Rule movement. T.W. Moody and Leon O'Brion, 'The IRB Supreme Council, 1868-78' IHS xix (1974-75) 293. 32. Emmet Larkin, The Roman Catholic Church and the Home Rule Movement in Ireland, 1870-74 (Dublin, 1990) 191. 33. Michael Davitt, The Fall of Feudalism in Ireland (New York, 1904) 74. 34. John Dcnvir, The Life StOlY of an Old Rebel (Dublin, 1910) 148. Denvir confesses that he was driven into Fenianism in the first place because 'constitutional agitation' seemed hopeless. Ibid. 35. The Irishman, 14 Feb. 1874, 515. 36. Maurice Cowling, 1867, Disraeli, Gladstone and Revolution: the Passing of the Second Reform Bill (Cambridge, 1976) 322. 37. Hansard 3 series cxcvi, 1049. 38. The Tablet, 30 Sept. 1865, 1. 39. Blackwoods Magazine c (1866) 119. 40. Recollections i 148. 41. John Rutherford, The Secret HistOlY of the Fenian Conspiracy: its Origin, Objects and Ramifications (2 vols, London, 1877) here i 37. 42. William O'Brien, 'Was Fenianism ever Formidable?' The Confempormy Review lxxi (1897) 681. 43. T.D. Sullivan, Recollections of Troubled Times in Irish Politics (Dublin, 1905) 90. 162 Notes 44. William Dillon, Life of John Mitchel (2 vols, New York, 1888) here ii 296. The phrase is taken from Mitchel's address in the Tipperary elec­ tion of 1875. Mitchel had made clear that if elected he had no intention of taking his seat in the London parliament. 45. Sheridan Gilley, 'The Garibaldi riots of 1862', The Historical Journal xvi No.4 (1973) 701. Gilley is herc drawing on Sullivan's New Ireland. 46. Charles J. Kickham: A Study in Irish Nationalism and Literature (Portmarnock, 1979) 52. This is a clever, if inadequate riposte to those who maintained that the English had a blind spot for Italian revolu­ tionaries. Sullivan, New Ireland (25th edn Dublin, 1887) 570. 47. E.R. Norman, The Catholic Church in Ireland in the Age of Rebellion, 1859-73 (London, 1965) 89, argues that it was exactly because they had been disillusioned with papal service that they volunteered for the Fenians. 48. As Cardinal Giacomo Antonelli, the papal Secretary of State, told the British Minister in Rome, Odo Russell. PRO FO 43/77, Russell to Foreign Office, 10 July 1860. 49. A.M. Sullivan, StOlY of Ireland (25th edn Glasgow, 1880) 568. 50. Moriarty to Charles Gavan Duffy, 11 Nov. 1872, in Duffy, My Life in Two Hemispheres (2 vols, London, 1898) here ii 344. Duffy thought that Moriarty 'judged the Fcnians too hardly'. Ibid. 343. 51. The Times, 7 Aug. 1875,9. 52. Charles Gavan Duffy, Conversations with Carlyle (London, 1892) 4. 53. News Letter, 19 Sept. 1865. 54. Comerford, Fenians in Context 137. A curious interpretation givcn its stated aim of bringing about change in Irish society by means of revo­ lution. 55. Ibid. 9. Equally and pcrhaps more accurately, one might argue that the foundational motif of Fenianism was that it wanted to transform social, religious and political circumstances in Irish Victorian society. 56. Comerford, 'Patriotism as Pastime: the Appeal of Fenianism in the mid-1860s', lHS xxii (1980-81) 244. 57. Paul Rosc, The Manchester Martyrs: the StOlY of a Fenian Tragedy (London, 1970) 13. 58. Patrick Quinlivan and Paul Rose, The Fenians in England, 1865-1872 (London and New York, 1982) 11, draw attention to the large numbers of English-born Irish who swelled thc ranks of the movcmcnt. 59. Moody, Davitt and Irish Revolution 42. Cf. R. Barry O'Brien, Fifty-years of Concessions to Ireland 1831-1881 (2 vols, London, 1883) ii 217. 60. Comerford, 'Gladstone's First Irish Enterprise, 1864-70', in W.E. Vaughan (cd.) A New HistOlY of Ireland v (Oxford, 1989) 436. 61. Dillon, Life of Mitchel ii 257. 62. Desmond Ryan, The Fenian Chief" a Biography of James Stephens (Dublin, 1967) 164. 63. As is painfully demonstrated in an exchange with John Newsinger, 'Comprehending the Fenians', Saothar vol. xvii (1992) 46-56. 64. Takagami, 'The Fenian Rising in Dublin, March 1867' IHS xxix (1995) 362. 65. D' Arcy, in writing Fenianism in America, did not have the resources of Notes 163 the Vatican archives available to him, and the position of the Church in relation to Fenianism in North America has not been seriously looked at since the 1940s. D'Arcy's use of North American Catholic archives is far from exhaustive. 2 CHURCH AND STATE REACTIONS TO FENIANISM, 1861-65 1. J.L. Altholz, 'The Political Behaviour of English Catholics, 1850-1867', Journal of British Studies, iv (1964-5) 99. 2. Disraeli, however, always made a distinction between his Catholic and his Irish policies. He regarded English Roman Catholics as 'a most powerful body, and natural Tories'. Bodleian Library, Oxford Disraeli papers B/xx/D/22. 3. Donald Southgate, 'From Disraeli to Law' in R. Butler (ed.), The Conselvatives: a HistOlY of their Origins to 1965 (London, 1977) 136. 4. The attempt on Napoleon III's life in 1857 was planned by Italian exiles in London, owing to the Emperor's failure to fulfil his promise over Italian unification. His protests forced Palmerston to introduce the Conspiracy Bill over which he was defeated. Wilbur D. Jones, Lord Derby and Victorian Conse/vatism (Oxford, 1956) 226. 5. AICR Kirby Papers, Archbishop Paul Cullen to Rev Tobias Kirby, Rector Irish College, Rome, 11 Mar. 1863; The Dublin Review, Iii 104, 294, which alleged that Italian policy was simply the result of hostility to Catholicism; The Tablet, 31 May 1862, 344. 6. As in September 1862, in the anti-Garibaldi riots staged in Hyde Park by Irish Catholics. The story is told by Sheridan Gilley, 'The Garibaldi Riots of 1862' in The HistoricalJolirnal, xvi 4 (1973) 697-732.