Arctic Governance and Governing Design and layout by: Lassi Heininen Heather Exner-Pirot Joël Plouffe ISSN 2298–2418 2 Arctic Yearbook 2015 Heininen, L., H. Exner-Pirot, & J. Plouffe. (eds.). (2015). Arctic Yearbook 2015. Akureyri, Iceland: Northern Research Forum. Available from http://www.arcticyearbook.com. ISSN 2298–2418 This publication is available under limited copyright protection. You may download, distribute, photocopy, cite or excerpt this document provided it is properly and fully credited and not used for commercial purposes. Cover Image Credits: Flags - Arctic Council Secretariat / Linnea Nordström Gavel - Arctic Council Secretariat / Linnea Nordström Ilulissat – Nunatsiaq News Samediggi – Hanne Holmgren Barents Euro-Arctic Council – Utenriksdepartementet/Gyro Althingi - Jóhann Heiðar Árnason Inatsisartut – Naalakkersuisut Other photos – Arctic Portal file photos Editor: Lassi Heininen, University of Lapland | [email protected] Managing Editors: Heather Exner-Pirot, University of Saskatchewan | [email protected] Joël Plouffe, École nationale d’Administration publique (ENAP – Montréal) | [email protected] Editorial Board: Chair Dr. Lawson W. Brigham (Distinguished Professor of Geography & Arctic Policy, University of Alaska Fairbanks; Senior Fellow, Institute of the North, United States of America) Professor Alyson Bailes (Visiting Professor, University of Iceland; Faculty of Political Science, United Kingdom) Dr. Gail Fondahl (Professor of Geography, University of Northern British Columbia, Canada) Dr. Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson (President of the Republic of Iceland) H. E. Ambassador Hannu Halinen (former SAO, Finland; Special Advisor to the IIASA Director General and Chief Executive Officer Exploratory and Special Projects) Dr. Steven E. Miller (Director of the International Security Program; Editor-in-Chief of International Security, Harvard University, United States) Dr. Alexander Pelyasov (Russian Academy of Sciences; Director of the Center of Northern and Arctic Economics; Ministry of Economic Development & Trade, Russian Federation) 3 Arctic Yearbook 2015 About Arctic Yearbook The Arctic Yearbook is the outcome of the Northern Research Forum (NRF) and UArctic joint Thematic Network (TN) on Geopolitics and Security. The TN also organizes the annual Calotte Academy. The Arctic Yearbook seeks to be the preeminent repository of critical analysis on the Arctic region, with a mandate to inform observers about the state of Arctic politics, governance and security. It is an international and interdisciplinary peer-reviewed publication, published online at [www.arcticyearbook.com] to ensure wide distribution and accessibility to a variety of stakeholders and observers. Arctic Yearbook material is obtained through a combination of invited contributions and an open call for papers. For more information on contributing to the Arctic Yearbook, or participating in the TN on Geopolitics and Security, contact the Editor, Lassi Heininen. Acknowledgments The Arctic Yearbook would like to acknowledge the Arctic Portal [http://arcticportal.org] for their generous technical and design support as well as the scholars who provided peer review of the academic articles. 4 Arctic Yearbook 2015: Governance & Governing Table of Contents Section I 9 Preface – Arctic Governance 10 Fran Ulmer Governance & Governing in the Arctic: An Introduction to Arctic Yearbook 2015 13 Lassi Heininen, Heather Exner-Pirot & Joël Plouffe – AY Editors This Year in the Arctic: Timeline of 2015 Events 26 Lassi Heininen, Heather Exner-Pirot & Joël Plouffe – AY Editors Section II 31 Scholarly Papers 31 Local, sub-national and national governance 31 State Support of Delivery of Fuel & Energy Resources to the Subarctic Zone of the Russian North- East: A View & Recommendations 32 Irina Barakaeva, Natalia Batugina & Vladimir Gavrilov Maritime Activities in the Canadian Arctic: A Tool for Visualizing Connections between Stakeholders 51 Leah Beveridge, Mélanie Fournier & Ronald Pelot Regional Governance without Self-Government: Dynamism and Change in the North American Arctic 68 Adrienne M. Davidson Arctic Council Environmental Initiatives: Can the United States Promote Implementation? 86 Erica Dingman The Power of Collective Identity Narration: Greenland’s Way to a More Autonomous Foreign Policy 102 Marc Jacobsen Table of Contents 5 Arctic Yearbook 2015 Resource Development & Land Claim Settlements in the Canadian Arctic: Multilevel Governance, Subsidiarity & Streamlining 119 Thierry Rodon & Aude Therrien Governance of Sustainable Mining in Arctic Countries: Finland, Sweden, Greenland & Russia 132 Heidi Tiainen, Rauno Sairinen & Olga Sidorenko At the Margins: Political Change and Indigenous Self-Determination in Post-Soviet Chukotka 158 Gary N. Wilson & Jeffrey J. Kormos Section III 174 Arctic regional governance 174 Towards Arctic Resource Governance of Marine Invasive Species 175 Melina Kourantidou, Brooks A. Kaiser, & Linda M. Fernandez Inter-Parliamentary Institutions & Arctic Governance 195 Michał Łuszczuk Governance of Arctic Offshore Oil & Gas Activities: Multilevel Governance & Legal Pluralism at Stake 214 Cécile Pelaudeix Large-Scale Disaster Response in the Arctic: Are We Ready? Lessons from the Literature on Wicked Policy Problems 234 Rebecca Pincus Role of the Arctic Council Chairmanship 247 Malgorzata Smieszek & Paula Kankaanpää Section IV 263 International and global governance 263 The ‘Common Arctic’: Legal Analysis of Arctic & non-Arctic Political Discourses 264 Kristin Bartenstein Foreign & Domestic Discourse on the Russian Arctic 281 Ieva Bērziņa Table of Contents 6 Arctic Yearbook 2015 Toward an Arctic Way: Regimes, Realignments, & the ASEAN Analogue 296 Reid Lidow Big Fish in a Small (Arctic) Pond: Regime Adherence as Status & Arctic State Identity in Norway Ingrid A. Medby 313 Carving up the Arctic: The Continental Shelf Process between International Law & Geopolitics Jon Rahbek-Clemmensen 327 The Arctic Security Community: Proving Ground or Sub-Plot of a Tensed European Security Environment? 345 Benjamin Schaller Section V 365 Commentaries 365 The GLACIER Conference & President Obama’s Links to the Arctic 366 Lawson W. Brigham The U.S. Must Live Up to Commitments as Arctic Nation 370 Rep. Rick Larsen The Alaska Arctic Policy Commission, Legislative Arctic Committees, & Governor Walker’s Arctic Policy Effort 372 Rep. Bob Herron Place Holding but Noteworthy: Canada & the Arctic Council 375 Andrea Charron Yukon as a Regional & Circumpolar Actor 378 Hon. Currie Dixon Greenland’s Election 2014: A Return to Pragmatism 380 Page Wilson Future Greenland 2015: Tourism as the Future of Greenland? 382 Lill Rastad Bjørst The Arctic Council Permanent Participants: Capacity & Support – Past, Present & Future 385 Jim Gamble Table of Contents 7 Arctic Yearbook 2015 The Arctic Coast Guard Forum: A Welcome and Important Step 389 Rebecca Pincus Getting Arctic Shipping Back on Course 391 Clive Tesar, Rod Downie & Simon Walmsley The Arctic Human Development Report II: A Contribution to Arctic Policy Shaping 395 Gail Fondahl & Joan Nymand Larsen International Meeting of the AC Member States in September 2015 in Arkhangelsk 398 Lassi Heininen Arctic Futures Initiative: A Holistic Approach to Arctic Futures 401 Anni Reissell, Hannu Halinen, Peter Lemke & Charlie Vörösmarty Russian Military Activities in the Arctic: Myths & Realities 404 Alexander Sergunin & Valery Konyshev NATO & the Arctic 408 Maarten de Sitter Does the Sun also Rise in the Arctic? Three Pillars of Japan’s Arctic Policy 410 Fujio Ohnishi Section VI 412 Briefing Notes 412 What Role for the Arctic in the UN Climate Conference (COP21)? 413 Sébastien Duyck The New Nexus of Climate & Energy Security for the Sustainable Arctic Future 422 Hyo-Sun Kim The Oslo Declaration on High Seas Fishing in the Central Arctic Ocean 426 Erik J. Molenaar Exploring Reasons & Remedies for the EU’s Incapability to Devise an ‘Arctic Policy’: The Quest for Coherence 431 Adam Stępień & Andreas Raspotnik Table of Contents 8 Arctic Yearbook 2015 25 Years of the International Arctic Science Committee (IASC) 436 Malgorzata Smieszek From Ice Law to ICE LAW: Constructing an Interdisciplinary Research Project on the Political- Legal Challenges of Polar Environments 443 Philip Steinberg & Kate Coddington Calotte Academy 2015: Crossing & Bridging Borders in the Euro-Arctic North 450 Andrian Vlakhov & Hanna Lempinen Table of Contents 9 Section I Introduction 10 Preface Arctic Governance Fran Ulmer “The most important thing for people to know about the governance of the Arctic is that we have a chance now to act to maintain the integrity of the system or to lose it. To lose it means that we will dismember the vital systems that make the Arctic work. It's not just a cost to the people who live there. It's a cost to all people everywhere.” - Sylvia Earle1 Governance is “the processes of interaction and decision-making among the actors involved in a collective problem that lead to the creation, reinforcement, or reproduction of social norms and institutions.”2 In short, it’s the effort to make good decisions for society. From my perspective, the news is good. Arctic governance is gaining strength, both within the US and internationally. Despite stressful changes tied to global geopolitical pressures and dramatic climate change, cooperation continues to be the theme in dialog, actions, and outcomes in the Arctic. The world’s ability to set aside sharp policy differences experienced at lower latitudes, in order to work