INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARMENIAN GENOCIDE STUDIES VOLUME 1, ISSUE 1 International Journal of Armenian Genocide Studies Published by Armenian Genocide Museum & Institute Editor-in-Chief: Hayk Demoyan, Armenian Genocide Museum & Institute, Yerevan, Armenia International Advisory Board Rouben Paul Adalian, Armenian National Institute, USA Peter Balakian, Colgate University, USA Israel Charny, Institute on the Holocaust and Genocide, Jerusalem, Israel Vahakn N. Dadrian, International Institute for Genocide and Human Rights Studies Donna-Lee Frieze, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia Alexander Hinton, Rutgers University, Newark, USA Suren Manukyan, Armenian Genocide Museum & Institute, Yerevan, Armenia Harutyun Marutyan, Institute of Archeology and Ethnography, Yerevan, Armenia Ruben Safrastyan, Institute of Oriental Studies, Yerevan, Armenia Henry Theriault, Worcester State College, USA Rubina Peroomian, UCLA, USA Book Review Editor: Suren Manukyan, Armenian Genocide Museum & Institute, Yerevan, Armenia International Journal of Armenian Genocide Studies publishes articles and reviews related to Armenian Genocide as well as genocide studies in general. Particular attention is paid to articles dealing with history, political science, anthropology, sociology, literature and law. Articles on other sciences are also be considered if they have strong ties or contexts with the main theme. International Journal of Armenian Genocide Studies is peer-reviewed anonymously and is published in June and December. Copyright: Armenian Genocide Museum & Institute For more information on International Journal of Armenian Genocide Studies, please visit website: http://genocide-museum.am/eng/Interntional-Journal-of-AGS.php ISSN 1829-4405 Volume 1, Issue 1 International Journal of Armenian Genocide Studies 1:1 CONTENT Welcome Note ...........................................................................................................5 ARTICLES Hayk Demoyan Patriotism, Competitive Nationalism and Minority’s Successes: Armenian Sports in the Ottoman Empire in the pre-1915 Period............................7 Rebecca Jinks Situating Tsitsernakaberd: The Armenian Genocide Museum in a Global Context ................................................................................................39 Harutyun Marutyan Trauma and Identity: On Structural Particularities of Armenian Genocide and Jewish Holocaust .......................................................53 Matthias Bjørnlund & Iben Hendel Philipsen Sorrow is Turned to Joy: A Play about the 1909 Adana Massacres, Staged by Armenian Genocide Survivors in Greece ..............................................71 BOOK REVIEWS Michael M. Gunter, Armenian History and the Question of Genocide (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), 195 pages. Reviewed by Israel W. Charny, Executive Director, Institute on the Holocaust and Genocide, Jerusalem, Israel .................................88 Wolfgang Gust, ed., The Armenian Genocide: Evidence from the German Foreign Offi ce Archives, 1915-1916 (New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2014), 816 pages. Reviewed by Suren Manukyan, Deputy Director, Armenian Genocide Museum & Institute, Yerevan, Armenia ................................................................................................97 WELCOME NOTE Dear reader, We are pleased to introduce you to our inaugural issue of the International Journal of Armenian Genocide Studies (IJAGS). This is the fi rst inter-disciplinary, academic peer review journal in English exploring a wide range of topics about the Armenian Genocide. The journal will however not be limited to exploring issues concerning the Armenian Genocide, but aims to explore a broader range of topics in genocide studies. We at IJAGS recognize and embrace the responsibilities that come with the launch of this academic enterprise. We envision this journal as a signifi cant step towards featuring and disseminating innovative and recent academic research on the Armenian Genocide to a broader audience. We also see this as an important to bring together emerging scholars to a space in which critical and collegial exchanges can take place. At the threshold of the centennial of the Armenian Genocide the publication of this journal can also be conceived as a long term initiative enabling the next generation of genocide scholars to develop new insights and research approaches in the study of all genocides and their consequences. IJAGS aims to secure a fi rm place in the global fi ght against the crime of the genocide and the scourge and grave danger of denial. IJAGS will fi ght against denial of any genocide. We envision this endeavor as part of the challenge of establishing early warnings and working towards prevention for the sake of global security. Unfortunately, today we still face the dangers of emerging genocides. There is a sad reality of the possibility of other genocides in the 21st century. This is evident in the violent rhetoric that often accompanies global relations, in the continued injustices suffered by vulnerable populations around the world, in the indifference to these challenges and in the phenomenon of denial. The destructive forces of genocide compel us to collaborate and share resources so that the next generation can more effectively work on prevention of this terrible crime against humanity and civilization. We welcome our colleagues in the global community of genocide scholars to disseminate new fi ndings and academic research on the pages of the International Journal of Armenian Genocide Studies. Hayk Demoyan Director of the Armenian Genocide Museum-Institute 5 Dr. Hayk Demoyan is the director of the Armenian Genocide Museum Institute in Yerevan, Armenia, since 2006. He is author of 12 books and 40 academic articles on such topics as the Armenian Genocide, Turkish foreign policy and Turkey’s involvement in the Nagorno-Karabakh confl ict of 1991-1994. He is a lecturer at Yerevan State University. Dr. Demoyan is also the secretary of the State Commission on Coordination of the Events Dedicated to the 100th Anniversary of the Armenian Genocide. His last book is "Armenian Genocide: Front Page Coverage in the World Press" (Yerevan: Armenian Genocide Museum&Institute, 2014), 266 pages PATRIOTISM, COMPETITIVE NATIONALISM AND MINORITY’S SUCCESSES: ARMENIAN SPORTS IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE IN THE PRE-1915 PERIOD1 Hayk Demoyan Introduction Sports, along with other national and social activities, became a special driving force for the defi nition of ethnic identity, especially in multinational states, and served as an important stimulus in the process of formation of nationalism, international competitions, as well as demonstration of superiority of a group. Nowadays, sports play a crucial and decisive role in politics, already reserving for itself a unique place in international relations. International championships, Olympic Games, and especially football World Cups emphasize a specifi c identity of a nation state, and are an important factor in securing authority and a special status among the other nations. At the same time, excluding certain episodes from the history of sports, especially the signifi cant role of other nationalities or the bitterness of a loss, sports are also important in the sense of emphasizing one’s own advantage. In the multiethnic societies it plays a unique role, becoming an effective factor of the identity formation and representation. This condition is more evident in the case of the history of development of sports life in Ottoman Turkey. In the case of the Ottoman Empire, sports were treated as a form of self-affi rmation and national competition in addition to being a means for a healthy lifestyle. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the growing interest in sports, as well as the formation of Armenian sports clubs proved to be signifi cant amongst the Armenian population of the Ottoman Empire. During this time, similar processes began amongst the Armenian population living within the Russian Empire. In 1908, after the Young Turkish revolution, the short-lived tolerant attitude towards freedom of national minorities and equality of rights was also expressed by awakening a sporty lifestyle. The formation of Greek and Armenian sport clubs and integration of sports into everyday life later on substantially stimulated the formation of similar Turkish clubs and sport unions as well. Thus, in terms of the initiators, sports in the Ottoman Empire were originated and mostly promoted by Greek and Armenian sportsmen and clubs. Nowadays, Turkish historiography either downplays the crucial role played by national minorities in almost all spheres of the social and economic life. It also concerns the Armenian input in the formation and development of sports in Turkey. The small amount of 1. To cite this article: Hayk Demoyan, “Patriotism, Competitive Nationalism and Minority’s Successes: Armenian Sports in the Ottoman Empire in the pre-1915 Period,” International Journal of Armenian Genocide Studies 1:1 (2014): 7-37. The author would like to express his deep gratitude to Vartan Matossian for reviewing this article, as well as for his valuable comments. 7 International Journal of Armenian Genocide Studies: Volume 1, Issue 1 credit attributed to the Armenian community is very incomplete and distorted. The reason for this delicate silence is understandable, as it befi ts Turkish nationalism and nationalistic historiography, and proves typical to national and memory related politics in Turkey. This denial also encompasses the signifi