EKONF.94hNF.41 22 August 2002 Original: English Eighth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names Berlin, 27 August-5 September 2002 Item 16 (a) of the provisional agenda" WRITING SYSTEMS: ROMANIZATION Principles of Romanization for Thai Script by Transcription Method (Submitted by Thailand) * E/CONF.94/1 PRINCIPLES OF ROMANIZATION FOR THAl SCRIPT BY TRANSCRIPTION METHOD 1. INTRODUCTION This romanization system for Thai had been revised by the Roya1 lnstitute and declared by the governrnent of Thailand as the national standard romanization system on 14 September 2000. By this systern, the speech sounds are transcribed regardless of original spelling' and voice tones e.g. %..w~t=chan, w?: = phra, LLfh = kaeo 2. TRANSCRIPTION OF CONSONANTS AND VOWELS 2.1 CONSONANTS - THAl ROMANIZED CONSONANT CHARACTER EXAMPLE NOTES: INlTlAL FINAL n k k ni = ka, un = nok 1. Phonetically h is the syrnbol for "[email protected] kh' k %?I= kho, !Y = suk ispirated sound ( sound followed b = kho, ;@ = yuk by a puíf of air when pronounced). 8~9= khong,a8l% = rnek rhus h that follows k p t behaves 9 ng ng YIR= ngarn, WS$= song jccording to the following * One rnust bear in mind that Romanization of Thai in this case ernploys a transcription method, nota transliteration rnethod. Thus, a tone mark, a diacritic rnark including a silencing mark, and vowel length are completely ignored. lt means that one who can transcribe Thai words muct correctly know how to read them orto pronounce them. There are many words that carry a character/ characters) which is/ are not pronounced such as filulasi (? is silent), wTMU (U is silent), &flW,$ (am6 are silent), al! ( is silent), ~Pd'Wfi; (RT are silent) and there are also q a number of words in Thai where a syllable with an intruding vowel [a] must be inserted such as dá.?asiuI [pratthana] (9 is silent and [tha] is inserted), and %u? [rattana] ([tal is inserted.) when pronouncing them. 2 THAI ROMANIZED CONSONANT CHARACTER EXAMPLE NOTES: INITIAL FINAL ch2 1t w = chin,g?U?q = amnat ihonetic rules: %s = ching, ?u = chin, - k represents n because it is an R% = khot , L~Q= choe unaspirated sound ( sound without S t q? = sa, CIT = kat a puff of air when pronounced). IS (pronounced T ) ?%?u = sai kh represents ‘II 3 FI A II] ¶3a a18 = san, vlfl = thot lecause they are aspirated sounds fnwi = raksa, - p represents d which is an ntp6= krit Unaspirated sound. Thus ph 8 = si, sw = rot epresents U W 61 because they are J Y n y??= yat, %?y= chan ispirated sounds. Therefore ph 1 T (pronounced fl: d t in? = dika, ng = kot loes not represent 4 . fin.$, = bandit, - t represents 9 [el which are Gv = cat inaspirated sounds. Thus th &?U = da¡, ~9% = pet epresents 5 VI 61 9/1 fi because IW t t dgu-i?=patima, they are aspirated counds. drlno] = prakot !, Phonetically c should represent 9 [p11 = ta, ?n = chit vhich is an unaspirated sound and th’ t ~IU= than, 52 = rat :h should represent Q “o 6M which dp MUT~= monthon ire aspirated sounds, as observed L~I= thao, TmU = wat I Pali-Sanskrit, Cambodian, ci19d = than, UID = nat iindi, Bahasa lndonesia and rnany %189 = thong, = bot Ither languages. But Thai does not 8s = thong, 8128 = awut )bserve this rule because it may be ¿U n n d~vsídm= pranit, :onfus.ed with the sound of c in EISIFL~ = pran lnglish which represents or sd in 6oei = no¡, q9d = chon Thai. For example, if qpd and qrei are b P %U = bai, ~III= kap )honetically written as con and cit, P P Id = pai, u?d = bap : in con rnay be pronounced FI and Ph’ 13 u? = pha : in cit may be pronounced sd . ws6= phong, &s“= lap ‘herefore ch represents 9 3 THAl ROMAN IZED CONSONANT CHARACTER EXAMPLE INlTlAL FINAL &a611 = samphao, 8161 = lap p JG =fang 41 = fa, a354 = soep m hu=mam - UIU =ya¡ n %u = ron, wa = phon ls9 n 8196 = lan, @IW = san 4 ns91 = kila, ni99 = kan - 9% = wai - MI = ha = ha - aen = ok, en = ok 2.2 VOWELS ROMANIZED THAl VOWEL EXAMPLE NOTES CHARACTER B:, B:, a d: = pa, 1, According to the old rules, (reduced form of a:), 5’u = wan, thefour sounds, 8 g ;, are ?? (with final consonant), ~ifaw= sap, represented by the same sound, u él1 u1 = ma According to the new rules, in ?? (without final consonant) an WS~MI = sanha, W9??6= sawan order to differentiate between Cj ; 61 am $1 = ram and 8 3, u represents Cj and ue d a, z i 5 = mi, um = mit represents 8 3. ¶dd a,a,-e ue’ Gn = nuek,M% = me, :él = thue 2. According to the old rules , 2, oi U = Iu, ~f = ru the four sounds, 1,%4% Lsa ;a% >él:, e aa: = le, ga, are represents by the same ,E (reduced form of a@:),~él 6s= ieng,m = ien sound, ua .According to the new ,b@::, abi (reduced form of LW) ae aa@: = lae, aa& = khaeng, rules, to differentiate between Le bbWG = saeng L&% L%a and ,a% {a, ua 4 ROMANIZED THAl VOWEL EXAM PLE NOTES CHARACTER h~:, - (reduced forrn of 1%) O 18: = 10,W%J = iorn, represents ,a, ,a and uea -¶/ 1% En:, sB La = lo, L~I:= lo, ~6.18~= iorn represents b&% b%é~ since they b'iils:, oe b8s: = loe, are diphthongs consisting of 4 or a4 (reduced forrn of Las:), aGh = ioeng, (ue) and 8: or 87 (a). bm = thoe 3. According to the new rules, ia biu: = phie, b&lu = lian al1 sounds ending with a are uea' -*, L&n = lueak represented by o ,¡.e. bsl, 819 I 6% 69, ua 6% = phua, ak = mua, (ao) , ~49 (eo) , bbaa LLB~(aeo), -9-( reduced form of 69 ) N%J= ruam thus ?a (g + a ) becornes io 18,k, 6u, Iau, Blu ai lu = yai, 14 = iai, <u = wai, and b%a ( bzu + a ) becornes iao. 'bwu = thai, alu 1 sai * There is no Thai word with this vowel ao NI = rnao, 619 = nao u¡ qu = lui Fsu, 9,au Oi Sau = roi, atlu = ioi oei ,@u = loei P, ueai ,%~u = iueai uai MQU= rnuai io3 a9 = lio eo ,k= reo, mia = leo I Lb&, bbOa aeo ,bRlaa = phlaeo, bb%Ja = rnaeo 2 azua iao ,8ua = liao q (pronounced?) ql rue ;IG,q$ = ruesi 6) (pronounceds) ri = rit q (pronounced ba'iil) roe ]na= roek q, q1 lue *,q181u= luesai 3. MORPHEME, WORD AND NOUN 3.1 MORPHEME is the smallest meaningful unit in a language. It may consist of one or more syllables, e.g. U1 ( na), w" (thi), Ulc (nathi), wF14 (iong), n% (kong ),fiQ.!nW (longkong), U?%? (nalika), Uddfllá. (nanappakan), LiQ (chuea ),?I (ko), b6&4 (khrueang) 5 3.2 WORD may consist of one or more morphemes, e.g. VI61 (na), 6;: (to) f$~b?!B (luksuea), TIUi (chanphi), dMVI?T (maha rat), d?:"II?"IIU (prachachon) SlqUdtkbi (rachupatham), afiuVIh?q (aphimaha-amnat) 3.3 COMPOUND WORD consists of two or more rnorphemes. The combination rnay render new or additional meaning, e.g. Qrib8B (luksuea), qlUi (chanphi), adMn?n (lomkrot) 3.4 COMMON NOUN pl 3.4.1 GENERAL NOUN e.g. W?: (phra), nipd (khon), b8a (suea), 8ma" (sat) bb~a(rnaeo), Un (nok), 6Ulfi (tonmai), U:'Lh4 (rnamuang), 66: (to), (witthayu), flub~(banda¡), v % (wat), % (kang), 61UU (thanon) <499/ia"rSi (changwat), bdj"ld1 (maenam), ~46f1?(ongkon), u¡I% (borisat) 3.4.2 GEOGRAPHICAL NAME is general noun describíng natural geographical features,e.g. Q (phu) ,by1 (khao), qbY1 (phukhao), w¿U (khuan), BU (doi), v WUdM (phanom), bbdj"ld1 (maenam), 6lnfiB4 (lam khlong), %U (huai), VUB~(nong), fk (bueng), bnl: (ko), w:b@ (thale), 8.1VWq9/1? (mahasamut), bbM8u (iaem), d19 (ao) ; or man-rnade geographical features, e.g. V¡'l&l (tharuea), npdu (thanon) ?íQU (coi), WZWIU (saphan) : includíng political geography, e.g. d?:!,mfl (prathet), <4V% (changwat),ilmB (arnphoe),LbWN(khwaeng), hua (tarnbon), (muban) 3.5 PROPER NOUN is the name of particular person, place, or thing. 3.5.1 PERSONALNAME e.g. name , family names , title : , name of a king: w ?:u 1m tl u LIhw 7: L4lBEj.a TJ 9 w m,a 9" H b cpI% His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej or Phrabat Somdet Prachao Yu Hua Bhumibol Adulyadej name of a crown: Wub~qw?::bWwa¶¿al%~~lq~UldMusu?la~ul~ prince / princess Her Roya1 Highness Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn or Somdet Phra Theppharat Ratchasuda Sayarn Boromaratchakumari roya1 narne : @dM L~9~n?~w~:Uli7a9a7%ly~lw (Sorndet Krom Phraya Damrongrachanuphap) name conferred : b41 w ?:U 14% by the king (Chao Phraya Chakkri) name, family name: UIU f4wiiIEl A¶¿9?9 6 (Nai Somchai Khonching ) 3.5.2 PLACE NAMES AND ORGANIZATION NAMES e.g. organization, temple, palace, school: organization: qla"""~dWniabbU9PIa~~~~~~fl Foundation for the Welfare Crittled or Munlanithi Khon Phikan Haeng Prathet Thai work unit : n SMFlaaWI fl a The Revenue Department or Krom Sanphakon temple : ?m Ipla9 LL~U (Wat Duang Khae) palace : a9 @wGl (Wang Sukhothai) school : TS9GUUFlleia?WUi7 (Rongrian Sattri Wítthaya) 3.6 TITLE is the word used before the proper name, e.g. royal rank,order of precedence, ecclesiastical title ,rank and title. royal rank: ~az~&aaa~dm~WEXN~~~I~~<~TW& Phrachao Worawongthoe Phra - ongchao Chunlachakkaphong order of precedence: ss~QNL<l~fims~caihlqa Momchao Suphattharradit Disakul ecciesiasticai titie: fiN&Ws:?Gi Somdet Phrawannarat RaRk: - b6lwazfl7os9M ?ífl&Nm; Chaophraya Thammasak Montri title: WabBn LdSM Bmgw1SnuW" Phon - ek Prem Tinsulananda 3.7 BORROWED WORD is a foreign word written in Thai language.