KEY CONCEPT: Trans-Saharan Trade and the Spread of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa SourceLesson A: Satellite Launch: view of North Africa Analyzing Sources World History Archive / Alamy Stock Photo Source B: Map of trade networks in postclassical North Africa Sebta Tunis ATLANTIC OCEAN Sale Fez Tahert Tlmeen Qayraan Mediterranean EI Damascus MZAB Sea Tripoli erusalem DRAA Alexandria GAA Cairo TUAT EGYPT Asyut Red Sea X TIIKELT harga edina X FEZZAN HOGGA Argun AA X Aydhab HIAZ SAHARAG Halaib ecca AA © 2019 The College Board. All rights reserved. © 2019 The College Board. Tichit Tessalit TIBESTI Awdahost TFOAS Guded Walata Es-Sou KAAR NBIA HOH Tadmea AI Berber Suain SENEGAMBIA Timbutu X Thilogne Gao X ukya Agades ENNEI Soba G Nimi WAAI OSSI Katsina BONO KANEM Gasga Wara DAF El Obeid Sennar Gondar Kua Abeche El Fasher KOOFAN eila G Niani ali Zaria asseniya ABYSSINIA G Salaga BAGII Debra Bihran Oyo Yola Harer Beho ASANTI YOBA Ife Kumasi Benin Cities/tos Oases alt rodtio Gulf of Guinea X G old rodtio Handout 3.5-1A KEY CONCEPT: Trans-Saharan Trade and the Spread of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa Observe and Analyze Compare the satellite photograph to the trade network map. What routes within this 1. trade network would likely have significant environmental challenges? What do you notice about most of the stops marked within these routes? Which cities listed within this trade network could likely access the markets in 2. other postclassical states? Which commodities were the focus of this trade network? How is this different from 3. or similar to the resources associated with other postclassical states? Summarize the above answers and notes using the following sentence stem: 4. All rights reserved. © 2019 The College Board. While the Sahara posed environmental challenges such as , merchants were motivated to create successful trade networks over the Sahara because of . Handout 3.5-1B KEY CONCEPT: Trans-Saharan Trade and the Spread of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa Lesson Launch: Analyzing Sources Source A: Excerpt from Bridging World History, Annenberg Learner, 2004 Caravans, small parties of merchants, carried goods from one town or settlement to the next, exchanging southern forest products such as kola nuts (chewed for their stimulant properties and everywhere offered as a symbol of hospitality), gold, ivory, wood, smoked and salted fish, cloth, and copper. These caravans had plied the desert sands for centuries before the rise of the West African states. The introduction of the camel in the second century C.E. allowed greater regularity of contact than the merchants traveling on foot in the earliest centuries of Saharan trade had achieved. By the twelfth century, West African gold and other products, such as so-called Moroccan leather, which actually came from the Hausa area of northern Nigeria, were supplied to Mediterranean markets and found their way to the fairs and markets of such places as Normandy and Britain. Source B: Adapted from Leo Africanus’s History and Description of Africa, 1526. Leo Africanus was a diplomat from al-Andalus, Spain. In this excerpt, he describes Timbuktu, a city in the heart of Ghana. The shops of the artisans, the merchants, and especially weavers of cotton cloth are very numerous. Fabrics are also imported from Europe to Timbuktu, borne by Berber (North African) merchants … Grain and animals are abundant, so that the consumption of milk and butter is considerable. But salt is in very short supply because it is carried here from Tegaza, some 500 miles from Timbuktu. I happened to be in this city at a time when a [camel’s] load of salt sold for eighty gold coins. The king has a rich treasure of coins and gold bars. One of these bars weighs 970 pounds. Notes and observations © 2019 The College Board. All rights reserved. © 2019 The College Board. Handout 3.5-2A KEY CONCEPT: Trans-Saharan Trade and the Spread of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa Observe and Analyze According to Source A, what remained the same before and after the rise of West 1. African states? How did the introduction of the camel change trade across America? What aspects of the Leo Africanus account corroborate the Bridging World History 2. excerpt given Timbuktu’s location? Use the following sentence stem to summarize the trends observed in the sources 3. provided: While merchants had traded in the Sahara before the second century, the resulted in trade that . © 2019 The College Board. All rights reserved. © 2019 The College Board. Handout 3.5-2B KEY CONCEPT: Trans-Saharan Trade and the Spread of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa Lesson Launch: Analyzing Sources Source A: Excerpt from The Travels of Ibn Battuta in the Near East, Asia and Africa, 1325–1354, translated and edited by Rev. Samuel Lee, 2004 One of the best things in it [the Mali Empire] is the regard they pay to justice; for, in this respect, the Sultan regards [it] neither little nor much. The safety, too, is very great; so that a traveler may proceed alone among them, without the least fear of a thief or robber. Another of their good properties is, that when a merchant happens to die among them, they will make no effort to get possession of his property: but will allow the lawful successors to it to take it. Another is, their constant custom of attending prayers with the congregation; for unless one makes haste, he will find no place left to say his prayers in. Another is, their insisting on the Koran’s being committed to memory. Source B: Detail of a map from the Catalan Atlas, attributed to Majorcan Jewish mapmakers Abraham and Jehuda Cresques, 1375. This section depicts Spain and North Africa. © 2019 The College Board. All rights reserved. © 2019 The College Board. PHAS/Universal Images Group/Getty Images. Notes and Observations Handout 3.5-3A KEY CONCEPT: Trans-Saharan Trade and the Spread of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa Observe and Analyze Among Ibn Battuta’s observations, what aspects of the Mali Empire suggest 1. evidence of a well-functioning government? In the map excerpt from the Catalan Atlas, Mansa Musa, a famous Mali monarch, is 2. the figure sitting on a throne in the bottom right portion of the image. What do the choices by the mapmakers suggest about Mansa Musa’s reputation outside of North Africa? How does this depiction of Mansa Musa relate to the observations of Ibn Battuta? Throughout this time period, West Africa kingdoms like Mali, Ghana, and Songhai 3. were all located in African Sahel just South of the Sahara. What aspects of Ibn Battuta’s account or images from the atlas provide clues as to why this region can have multiple flourishing empires? © 2019 The College Board. All rights reserved. © 2019 The College Board. Handout 3.5-3B KEY CONCEPT: Trans-Saharan Trade and the Spread of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa Lesson Launch: Analyzing Sources Source A: Excerpt from “Trade and the Spread of Islam in Africa” from the Metropolitan Museum of Art’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, 2001 The first [Islamic] converts were the Sudanese merchants, followed by a few rulers and courtiers (Ghana in the eleventh century and Mali in the thirteenth century). The masses of rural peasants, however, remained little touched. In the eleventh century, the Almoravid intervention, led by a group of Berber nomads who were strict observers of Islamic law, gave the conversion process a new momentum in the Ghana empire and beyond. The spread of Islam throughout the African continent was neither simultaneous nor uniform, but followed a gradual and adaptive path. However, the only written documents at our disposal for the period under consideration derive from Arab sources (see, for instance, accounts by geographers al-Bakri and Ibn Battuta). Islamic political and aesthetic influences on African societies remain difficult to assess. In some capital cities, such as Ghana and Gao, the presence of Muslim merchants resulted in the establishment of mosques. ... Mansa Sulaiman [brother of the Malian king Mansa Musa] ... encouraged the building of mosques, as well as the development of Islamic learning. Islam brought to Africa the art of writing. … The city of Timbuktu, for instance, flourished as a commercial and intellectual center, seemingly undisturbed by various upheavals. … For [West African] rulers, … conversion [to Islam] remained somewhat formal, a gesture perhaps aimed at gaining political support from the Arabs and facilitating commercial relationships. … Eventually, sub-Saharan Africans developed their own brand of Islam, often referred to as “African Islam,” with specific brotherhoods and practices. Source B: Djinguereber Mosque, built by Mansa Musa in 1327 © 2019 The College Board. All rights reserved. © 2019 The College Board. Marianoblanco / Shutterstock.com Handout 3.5-4A KEY CONCEPT: Trans-Saharan Trade and the Spread of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa Observe and Analyze According to this secondary source, why is it difficult to trace Islam’s spread through 1. Africa? In what way does this article corroborate information presented in previous sources? 2. How does the mosque built by Mansa Musa represent both religious and political 3. considerations? Summarize the article using the following sentence stems: 4. Islam diffused to West Africa during the Postclassical Period because . © 2019 The College Board. All rights reserved. © 2019 The College Board. Islam diffused to West Africa during the Postclassical Period, but . Islam diffused to West Africa during the Postclassical Period, so . Handout 3.5.4B KEY CONCEPT: Trans-Saharan Trade and the Spread of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa Source Set Writing Activity Consider evidence from the sources examined this week as well as deeper insights developed in class to write an evidence-based paragraph, with a clear claim, in response to the following prompt: Explain the causes and effects of trans-Saharan trade during the Postclassical Period.