WHY EUZKO-GOGOA? THE BASQUE LITERARY AND INTELLECTUAL IDENTITY IN THE DIASPORIC CULTURAL MAGAZINE EUZKO-GOGOA (1950-1960) Ziortza Gandarias Beldarrain Zuzendariak: Mari Jose Olaziregi Alustiza (EHU/UPV) Xabier Irujo Amezaga (UNR) Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea Hizkuntzalaritza eta Euskal Ikasketak Saila University of Nevada, Reno Center for Basque Studies 2018 University of Nevada, Reno WHY EUZKO-GOGOA? THE BASQUE LITERARY AND INTELLECTUAL IDENTITY IN THE DIASPORIC CULTURAL MAGAZINE EUZKO-GOGOA (1950-1960) A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Basque Studies by Ziortza Gandarias Beldarrain Dr. Xabier Irujo/Dissertation Advisor Dr. Mari Jose Olaziregi/Dissertation Co-Advisor December, 2018 (c)2018 ZIORTZA GANDARIAS BELDARRAIN Ó Copyright by Ziortza Gandarias Beldarrain All Rights Reserved December 2018 THE GRADUATE SCHOOL We recommend that the dissertation prepared under our supervision by ZIORTZA GANDARIAS BELDARRAIN Entitled WHY EUZKO-GOGOA? THE BASQUE LITERARY AND INTELLECTUAL IDENTITY IN THE DIASPORIC CULTURAL MAGAZINE EUZKO-GOGOA (1950-1960) be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Xabier Irujo, Ph.D., Advisor Mari Jose Olaziregi, Ph.D., Co-Advisor Justin Gifford, Ph.D., Committee Member Mario Santana, Ph.D., Committee Member Joseba Zulaika, Ph.D., Committee Member Meredith Oda, Ph.D., Graduate School Representative David W. Zeh, Ph. D., Dean, Graduate School December, 2018 i Abstract A magazine written only in the Basque language with the focus of maintaining alive a culture and language on the brink of extinction under the hands of a totalitarian government. A cultural work created by an exiled priest who was able to develop a network of fellow Basque intellectuals to save and rebuild their beloved motherland through their language. This dissertation examines the imagined community created in the cultural magazine Euzko-Gogoa published in Guatemala and Biarritz (Northern Basque Country) between 1950-1960. The War of 1936 and the subsequent Franco dictatorship depleted the Basque cultural initiatives promoted during the Spanish Second Republic. This project analyzes the reconstruction of the defeated Basque nation made in Euzko-Gogoa’s pages that helped maintain and rebuild a wounded nation. The dissertation will give both a historical and cultural background of the Basque Country and the magazine while also analyzing the publications and the result of its work. Through different forms of analysis such as cultural, national, and postcolonial studies, it will demonstrate how Euzko-Gogoa not only created an imagined community, but also a national consciousness that would create a bridge for the next generation of Basques. This imagined community was created based upon a traditional Basque nationalist ideology seen in the preindustrial Basque Country as a reference for the nation’s future. As described throughout the dissertation, one will understand the differences of life lived in exile and the Southern Basque Country and how an imagined community built in the pages of Euzko-Gogoa conflicted with the reality of a nation. ii Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to my family. And above all, To Josu for his advice, his faith, his support, his jokes, and his patience. Because he always believed and understood. iii Acknowledgments This dissertation would not be possible without the support and assistance from many institutions and individuals. The ability to spend four years working on my passion and meeting such wonderful people has been such a blessing for me. It is with great pleasure to acknowledge those that have helped me throughout this process and my personal journey. First, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my directors and advisory committee members for their support, inspiration, and guidance throughout the dissertation process. A great appreciation for my dissertation directors Dr. Mari Jose Olaziregi and Dr. Xabier Irujo for guiding and believing in this project. Dr. Meredith Oda, Dr. Justin Gifford, Dr. Mario Santana, and Dr. Joseba Zulaika for sharing with me their knowledge and experience in their various fields. Their help at various moments of my academic life at University of Nevada Reno stimulated and encouraged me to grow and become a much more critical and well-rounded graduate student. Without such a passionate and accomplished group of committee members this project would not be possible. I am very grateful for the Center for Basque Studies for giving me the opportunity to be apart of the CBS family and the fantastic materials available at the Jon Bilbao Basque Library. It is a unique center for learning like no other and gave me a sense of home and belonging far away from my native country. Thank you to Dr. Sandra Ott, Daniel Montero and Dr. Mariann Vaczi for always being supportive and encouraging me. It was a great pleasure to share my beloved topic in Dr. Vaczi’s classes. I would love to give a special thank you to Kate Camino who always helped and encouraged me as well iv as gave me the opportunity to help in her Basque language classes. A special thanks to her wonderful family Ezti, Oihana, and Mani. I would love to thank Iñaki Arrieta, our supportive and knowledgeable librarian who helped with providing materials and assisted in the formatting process. I would also like to thank his beautiful family Eli, Elaia, and Oskia. I have also greatly appreciated the support, friendship and help of the graduate students: Iker Saitua, Horohito Norhatan, Amaia Iraizoz, Kerri Lesh, Edurne Arostegi, Marsha Hunter, and Imanol Murua. Also, the various visiting scholars that I have met throughout the years. I also want to thank the Graduate School at UNR, with a special thanks to Cara Nero who was always helpful. This project would not be possible without the help I received from Euskaltzaindia, and more concretely Pruden Gartzia who allowed me access to amazing archives and resources necessary for my thesis. They blessed me with the last remaining copies of Euzko-Gogoa. Many other individuals were extremely helpful in guiding me through the dissertation process giving me their feedback and providing me with various articles and projects still in the publication process. A special thanks to Leyre Arrieta, Iñaki Goiogana, Miren Barandiaran, Paulo Iztueta, and Pako Sudupe for their great resources. Various other scholars, academics, librarians, and institutions were also very helpful such as Xabier Kintana, Josune Olabarri, Larraitz Ariznabarreta, Txomin Peillen, Arrasateko Udal Biblioteka, and the Sabino Arana Fundazioa. A very special thank you as well to Xabier Artiagoitia from the Department of Linguistic and Basque Studies at the University of the Basque Country. Last but not least, I am immensely grateful to my family and friends/kuadrilla for their support throughout this journey. Without their love and assistance this would not v have been such a positive and enjoyable experience. My family in the Basque Country was encouraging from the beginning and never doubted my abilities, giving me their unconditional love. I am immensely grateful to my husband and his family for giving me so much love and support. I also want to thank my amazing and supportive “American Family” Iñaki and Gina Asueta and their extended family. I am extremely lucky to have had such a great experience and thank you all for being such an important part of my life! Eskerrik asko! vi Notes for Readers ● The majority of translations from Basque and Spanish languages to English were performed by the dissertation writer, Ziortza Gandarias Beldarrain, and are indicated by parentheses. ● The Basque names, words, and references in the dissertation are written in their original spelling. ● When analyzing the Basque Country, since the country is divided between Spain and France, the term “Southern Basque Country” is in reference to the Spanish Basque area, that in Basque is referred as Hegoalde (South) and “Northern Basque Country” in reference to the French Basque area, that in Basque is called Iparralde (North). The provinces that shape the Southern Basque Country are four: Nafarroa, Araba, Gipuzkoa, and Bizkaia. The Northern Basque Country has three provinces: Lapurdi, Zuberoa and Nafarroa Behera. The Basque Country is a small geographical area, the total territory is about 7.7 square miles. It can be said that the Basque Country has “one people, two states, and two journeys” (Ahedo 259). ● The term “War of 1936” will be used instead of “Spanish Civil War.” As the scholar Xabier Irujo states: Most historians use the term Spanish Civil War to describe the conflict. However, Narcissus Bassols and Isidro Fabela, representatives of the Mexican Government at the League of Nations, criticized the categorization of the war as “civil” conflict. US ambassador Claude G. Bowers stated that the war was neither Spanish nor civil but a prologue to the World War II, and Congressman Jerry J. O’Connell offered a similar critique by saying that the bombing of Gernika was the work of German planes, German bombs, and German pilots. O’Connell asked Secretary of State Cordell Hull “to take official notice of what is common knowledge, vii namely, that Germany and Italy are in fact belligerents in the war of invasion now going on in Spain” Congressional Record: Appendix of the First Session of the 75th Congress of U.S.A., vol.81, pt.9, January 5-May 19, 1937 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1937) (“Gernika