FAO FORESTRY Forestry PAPER extension 80 methods by D. Sim and H.A. Hilmi %t1.P&L 01 ROMr 7r4. e1r, I I .1la I 1111tCt FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THETHE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 19871987 r TThehe designationsdesignations empemployedloyed and thethe presentationpresentation ofof materialmaterial inin thisthis pubpublicationlication dodo not no timply imply the the expression expression ofof any opinionopinion whatsoever on thethe partpart ofof thethe FoodFood andand AgAgriculturericulture OrganizationOrganization of thethe United NationsNatiors concerningconcerning thethe legallegal status ofof anyany country,country. territory,territory, citycIty oror area oorr of iitsts authorauthorities,ities. or concerningconcerning thethe delimitationdelimitation of its frontiersfrontiers or boundaries.boundaries. M,3M-366 IISBNSBN 92-5-102602-592-5-102602-5 All rights reserved. No part ofof thisthis publicationpublication maymay be be reproduced,reproduced ,stored stored inin a a retrieval retrieval system, system, oror ttransmittedransmitted iinn ananyy form or bbyy ananyy meansmeans,, electronic electronic,, mechanical,mechanical, photocphotocopyingopying or otherwise,otherwise , wwithoutitho ut thethe ppriorrior permissionpermission of thethe copyrightcopyright owner.owner. ApplicationsApplications forfor such such permission, permission, withwith aa statement statement of tthehe ppurposeurpose and extentextent of thethe reproduction,reproduction, shouldshpuld bebe addressedaddressed toto thethe Director,Director, PublicationsPublications DDivision,ivision, FFoodood and AgricultureAg riculture Organization ofof thethe UnitedUnited Nations,Nations, ViaVia delledelle TermeTerme didi Caracalla,Caracalla, 0000100100 RomeRome,. Italy. © FAOFAO 19871987 FOREWORD This publicationpublication isis the second inin a seriesseries of three dealing withwith forestry extension in itsits current context.context. The initial publication, Forestry Extension Organisation, FAO ForestryForestry PaperPaper 66,66, FAOFAO RomeRome 1986,1986, dealtdealt withwith thethe establishment and organisation ofof forestryforestry extensionextension activities.activities. This volume covers the designdesign andand implementationimplementation ofof forestryforestry extensionextension activitiesactivities inin thethe field. Throughout these publications, extension is regarded in itsits widestwidest sense as any process of integrating indigenous and derived knowledge, attitudes and skillsskills toto determinedetermine what isis needed,needed, howhow itit cancan bebe done,done, whatwhat locallocal co-operation and resources can be mobilised and what additional assistance may bebe necessarynecessary toto overcomeovercome particularparticular obstacles.obstacles. It impliesimplies action by the people to solvesolve locallocal problems,problems, notnot actionaction forfor them,them, thoughthough itit does not precludepreclude assistanceassistance wherewhere locallocal resourcesresources areare inadequateinadequate toto meetmeet otherwise realistic and necessary targets.targets. It places particular emphasis on determining appropriate targets for extension work by thethe peoplepeople themselvesthemselves who must bebe involved inin achievingachieving these,these, and in the identification andand mobilisation ofof locallocal resources.resources. It was based initially on aa reportreport submittedsubmitted byby Vicente Magno (Forestry(Forestry Extension Methods, V.C.V.C. MagnoMagno Lesotho:Lesotho: GCP/LES/026/SWE-ForestryGCP/LES/026/SWE-Forestry TrainingTraining andand Development, 1982),1982), followingfollowing aa programme of training of staffstaff inin forestryforestry extension methods in Lesotho. This present publication, however, incorporates much new material andand ideasideas developeddeveloped sincesince thatthat timetime andand drawsdraws on recent experienceexperience ofof FAOFAO staffstaff inin thesethese fields.fields. It setssets outout toto provideprovide aa minimum ofof basic theoreticaltheoretical informationinformation of the topic of extension andand suggestions on activitiesactivities which shouldshould bebe adaptedadapted to meetmeet the situation within which aa readerreader isis working.working. It is writtenwritten for persons directly engagedengaged in carrying out extension activities inin thethe field.field. It willwill be followedfollowed by aa publication on ForestryForestry ExtensionExtension CurriculaCurricula which suggestssuggests thethe scopescope andand nature of trainingtraining desirabledesirable forfor staffstaff undertakingundertaking suchsuch activities.activities. M.A. Flore Director-General Forestry DepartmentDepartment - iii - CONTENTS Page 1.1. INTRODUCTION TO FORESTRY EXTENSION ••••••••••••.••••••••••• 11 1.1 Definition of forestry extension in this context •••. 11 1.2 Purpose of forestry extension .........•••..•••.•.•...•...•••...... 2 1.3 Function of forestry extension •••••••••••••••••••••• 22 1.4 Steps in developing a forestry extension programme •• 3 1.5 Procedures for change ••••.••••.••••••••••••.•••••••• 4 1.6 Need for properly trained staff •••••••••••••••••••••.......... ..... 5 1.7 EXtensionExtension research ................................. 7 1.8 Factors limiting forestry extension ••••••••••••••••• 7 1.9 Benefits of forestry extension programmes ••••••••••• 8 2. FORESTRY PRACTICES FOR EXTENSION •••••••.•••••••••••.•••••• 10 2.1 Agroforestry systems ............................... 10 2.1.1 Distribution of crops by area •••••.•.•••.•• 10 2.1.2 Silvipasture •••••••••••••••••• ; •••••••••••• 12 2.1.3 Strip plantations •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 12 2.1.4 Tree farming ••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••• 13 2.2 Taungya •.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••.••••••••••••••• 14 2.3 CommunityCommuni ty woodlots ••••.•••••••••••.•••••••.••.••••.• 14 2.4 Management ofof natural vegetationvegetation ..............•••••••••••.••••••• 15 2.5 Erosion control or improvement of water suppliessupplies •••• 16 2.6 Amenity planting •••••••••••••••••••••••••• .•••••••••• 17 2.7 Small scale forestforest basedbased enterprisesenterprises •••••••••••.•.•• 17 3. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF FORESTRYFORESTRY EXTENSIONEXTENSION ••.••••••.•••••••• 18 3.1 The process of forestry extension ••••••.•••••••.•••• 18 3.2 Some basic principles of forestry extension ••.••.••• 20 3.3 The nature of forestry extension ••.•••••.•••••••••.•....... 22 3.4 The spreadspread ofof extensionextension activitiesactivities ••••••.•••.•••.••• 23 3.5 Methods ofof extension .•••••••.••••••••.••.••.•••••••• 24 3.6 Some features and strategy of forestryforestry extensionextension •••. 24 4. PRINCIPLES OF EXTENSION EDUCATION ..••••••••.•••••••••••••• 26 4.1 General approach .................................................... .......... 26 4.2 Extension teachingteaching ................................................ ............. 2626 4.3 Some features of learning .............•.•..•.•••....•..•.....• ........... 2727 4.4 Some important principles of learninglearning relevantrelevant toto extension ..... "0 ~ •••••••• • 0" •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 2727 4.5 MotiMotivation vatian forfor changechange 409*0.............................. ..... 0O00.000000O0 . 3030 4.6 Some characteristics of learninglearning situationssituations •••••••••...... 30 4.7 Two-wayTwo-way flowflow ...............•...•....•.......•.................... ............ ........ 3131 - v - Page 5. CO~ICATIONCOMMUNICATION •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••......... ....... 32 5.1 Communication in forestry extension ........••••••••••••••••• ..... 32 5.2 The communication process •.••..•.....••....•........ 33 5.2.1 TIleThe communicatorconnnunicator . ..•. .......•.... ....... ... 34 5.2.2 TileThe message •••••••.....••...••••••••..•.••. 35 5.2.3 The channels of communication •••••••••••••• 35 5.2.4 The receiver or the audience •••••••••••••••....... 38 5.35. 3 The adoption processproces s ...................................... 40 5.4 Motivation of rural peoplepeople •••••••• ,................. 41 5.4.1 Perception and satisfactionsatisfaction ofof needsneeds ••••••• 42 5.4.2 Motivating factorsfactors ......................... 43 5.5 The diffusion process ............................... 44 5.6 Categories of adopters...............................adopters 44 5.6.1 The innovatorsinnovators............................. 45 5.6.2 The early adopters ................................. 45 5.6.3 The early majority.........................majority................. 45 5.6.4 The late majority......majority ••••• •••• ••• •••••••• 46 5.6.5 The lalate te adopters .......................... 46 6. AUDIO-VISUAL AIDSAIDS ...........•.•••.••.•.•.......••••••••••••.•..••.••. ....... ........ ..... 48 6.1 Non-proNon-projected jected aids ................................. 48 6.1.1 Advantages of non-projected aids •••.••••••• 48 6.1.2 Examples ofof non-projected aidsaids •••••••••••••....... 49 6.2 ProjectedPro jected visual aids •••••••••••••••••••••.••••••••• 53 6.2.1 Classification of projected visual aids •••• 53 6.2.2 Some advantages and disadvantages ofof projectedpro jected aidsaids ••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••• 54 6.2.3 Examples ofof projectedprojected visualvisual aidsaids .••••••••• 54 6.3 Tape recordersrecorders ..................................... 60 6.4 Video recordersrecorders ............................................ ....... ...... 61 6.5 Puppets ........................................................00000 ........ 00000040000 . 62 6.6 Music andand playsplays .................................... 63 6.7 Mobile