Document Appendix: NVLSP And VLSC White Paper Confirming That Veterans Who Served in Guam from 1958-1980 Were Likely Exposed to Dioxin-Containing Herbicide Agents Including Agent Orange Part 1 February 12, 2021 TABLE OF CONTENTS This appendix provides a selection of sources cited in the National Veterans Legal Services Program (NVLSP) and Veterans Legal Services Clinic at Yale Law School (VLSC) white paper. Additional sources are not reproduced here due to copyright restrictions. Part 1 1. NATIONAL ACADEMIES OF SCIENCES, VETERANS AND AGENT ORANGE: UPDATE 11 (2018) .......................................... 1 2. Andersen AFB’s Legacy: Operation Linebacker II (2017) (DoD Publication) ................................................. 3 3. Take Fire, Add Water, Get Huge Water Shortage (1969) (DoD Publication) ................................................ 6 4. Fire Threat Still Remains (1969) (DoD Publication) ...................................................................................... 7 5. EPA SUPERFUND RECORD OF DECISION: ANDERSEN AIR FORCE BASE (2003) ............................................................ 8 6. INSTALLATION RESTORATION PROGRAM (IRP) PHASE 1: RECORDS SEARCH ANDERSEN AIR FORCE BASE, GUAM (1985) ...................................................................................................................................... 15 7. HAZARDOUS WASTE: DOD INSTALLATIONS IN GUAM HAVING DIFFICULTY COMPLYING WITH REGULATIONS 12 (1987) .. 25 8. DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT: GUAM CLEANUP OF URUNO [sic] BEACH (1987) ................................ 53 9. No. 10-21 420, 2013 WL 6992004 (BVA Nov. 14, 2013) ............................................................................. 57 10. UDT Men Stage Big Blow-up on NCS Beach: Deep Hole Dug by Explosives (1968) (DoD Publication) ....... 61 11. INSTALLATION RESTORATION PROGRAM (IRP) PHASE 1: RECORDS SEARCH ANDERSEN AIR FORCE BASE, GUAM (1985) ...................................................................................................................................... 62 12. U.S. DEP’T HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVS., PUBLIC HEALTH ASSESSMENT FOR ANDERSEN AIR FORCE BASE GUAM (2002) ....................................................................................................................................... 75 13. DIOXIN FACTS (1984) ..................................................................................................................................... 80 14. FINAL REMEDIAL INVESTIGATION FOR IRP SITE 78 (2010) .................................................................................... 82 15. PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT/SITE INSPECTION WORK PLAN FOR IRP SITES 56, 57, 58, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, AND 76 AT NORTHWEST FIELD (2006) ................................................................................................... 87 16. No. 11-23 141, 2015 WL 6946958 (BVA Sept. 24, 2015) ............................................................................ 97 Part 2 17. No. 14-04 080, 2016 WL 2648416 (BVA Mar. 3, 2016) ............................................................................ 100 18. No. 04-07 278, 2013 WL 6575790 (BVA Oct. 30, 2013) ............................................................................ 105 19. Foster Aff, Sept. 15, 2009 ......................................................................................................................... 114 20. DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT FOR THE DISPOSAL AND REUSE OF SURPLUS NAVY PROPERTY IDENTIFIED IN THE GUAM LAND USE PLAN (GLUP ’94) (1999) ............................................................................................... 119 21. SECOND FIVE-YEAR REVIEW OF RECORD OF DECISION FOR MARBO ANNEX OPERABLE UNIT, USAF INSTALLATION RESTORATION PROGRAM (2009) .................................................................................................................... 125 22. Moyer Aff. ¶ 11, Jan. 24, 2017 ................................................................................................................. 143 23. GAO-19-24, AGENT ORANGE: ACTIONS NEEDED TO IMPROVE ACCURACY AND COMMUNICATION OF INFORMATION ON TESTING AND STORAGE LOCATIONS (2018) ...................................................................................................... 145 24. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CHEMICAL CONTROL OF DISEASE VECTORS AND ECONOMIC PESTS (1974) ......................... 249 25. WESTON SOLUTIONS, GUAM CHLORINATED HERBICIDES INVESTIGATION (2020) ………………………………………………….262 26. U.S. NAVY, GUAM SOIL CONSERVATION SERIES NO. 2 (1958) ………………………………………………………………………..269 Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 11 (2018) BACKGROUND 27 in mortality profiles between men and women, and the information provided by Kang and colleagues may not necessarily apply to the majority of American Viet- nam veterans who are male. VA informed the committee that an updated mortality study was underway as of 2017 (Davey, 2017), but no results were available at the time the committee completed its work. MILITARY USE OF HERBICIDES IN VIETNAM Military use of herbicides in Vietnam took place from 1962 through 1971. Specific herbicides were selected based on tests conducted in the United States and elsewhere that were designed to evaluate defoliation efficacy (IOM, 1994; Young and Newton, 2004). Four compounds were used in the herbicide formula- tions in Vietnam: 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D); 2,4,5-trichlorophen- oxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T); 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram); and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA, or cacodylic acid). These herbicides were used to defoliate inland hardwood forests, coastal mangrove forests, cultivated lands, and zones around military bases. Whereas the chlorinated phenoxy acids 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T persist in soil for only a few weeks, picloram is much more stable and can persist in soil for years, and cacodylic acid is nonvolatile and stable in sunlight (NRC, 1974). More details on the herbicides used are presented in Chapter 4. However, other toxic compounds were also present in these herbicide formu- lations. Specifically, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), which includes 75 different congeners that vary by the number and placement of the chlorine atoms, can be formed during the manufacture of 2,4,5-T and the half-lives of these in subsurface soil may exceed 100 years (Sinkkonen and Paasivirta, 2000). One contaminant of particular concern is 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). This compound is an unintentional byproduct of the production of 2,4,5- trichlorophenol (NRC,1974). The structures of the chemicals of interest (COIs) identified above are shown in Figure 2-1. Herbicides were identified by the color of a band on 55-gallon shipping con- tainers and were called Agent Pink, Agent Green, Agent Purple, Agent Orange, Agent White, and Agent Blue. Table 2-2 shows the herbicides used in Vietnam by color code name and summarizes the chemical constituents, concentration of active ingredients, years used, and estimated amount sprayed, based on original and revised estimates. Two different formulations of Agent Orange were used in the course of military operations in Vietnam. All agents were liquid except Agent Blue, which was used in powder form in 1962–1964 and as a liquid in 1964–1971. Agent Pink, Agent Green, Agent Purple, Agent Orange, and Agent Orange II all contained 2,4,5-T and were contaminated to some extent with TCDD. Agent White contained 2,4-D and picloram. Agent Blue (powder and liquid) contained cacodylic acid. Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. 2 Andersen AFB's Legacy: Operation Linebacker II By Jeffrey N. Meyer, 36th Wing Historian / Published December 18, 2017 ANDERSEN AIR FORCE BASE, Guam -- Thirty-nine years ago, Andersen Air Force Base became involved in Operation Linebacker II, an operation that would arguably be the most significant event in the installations long and distinguished history. Andersen AFB became the site of the most immense buildup of air power in history. More than 12,000 Airmen and 153 B-52s took up five miles of ramp space on the flight line. This article is about the operation that had many names, to include "The Eleven Day War", "11 Days of Christmas", "December Raids or Bombings" and "The Christmas Bombings"- but whatever moniker is used, it boils down to the massive bombing effort of North Vietnam from December 18-29, 1972. For there to be an Operation Linebacker II there must have been a Linebacker I. The first operation was in response to the "Easter Offensive" when North Vietnamese Army invaded South Vietnam. From May 9 to Oct. 23, 1972, units of the Air Force and Navy bombed targets in throughout North Vietnam. Although the B- 52s were minimally used in these northern bombings they continued their traditional Arc Light missions of bombing Vietcong positions south of the Seventeenth Parallel. As part of the build-up for Linebacker I, Strategic Air Command (SAC) launched Operation Bullet Shot, which sent 124 more B-52s from bases in the U.S. to Guam; bringing the total B-52 strength available for operations in Southeast Asia to 207. One hundred fifty three B-52s were at Andersen AFB (55 B-52Ds and 98 B-52Gs) and another 54 B-52Ds were based at U-Tapao, Thailand. Over 12,000 airmen on Guam were packed into the dorms, with spill-overs residing in temporary steel dorms called Tin City. Canvas Courts, a collection of tent shelters and available off base hotels, and even the base gymnasium were converted to living quarters to house all of the Airmen.