VII REPORT ON THE SITUATION OF THE CATALAN LANGUAGE (2013) 16 Observatory of the Catalan Language REPORT ON THE SITUATION OF THE CATALAN LANGUAGE (2013) http://blogs.iec.cat/cruscat/publicacions/informe/ 2 / 186 Promotion and monitoring: Coordination: REPORT ON THE SITUATION OF THE CATALAN LANGUAGE (2013) http://blogs.iec.cat/cruscat/publicacions/informe/ 3 / 186 Authors: Miquel Àngel Pradilla i Cardona (Director of Xarxa CRUSCAT - IEC) and Natxo Sorolla Vidal (Xarxa CRUSCAT - IEC), coordination of contents of the report. Natxo Sorolla Vidal (Xarxa CRUSCAT - IEC), author of chapter “Demographic and economic context: evolution of the linguistic community”. Anna M. Pla Boix (University of Girona) author of chapter “Legal status of the language and socio-political dynamics: unity of the language and relationships between territories”. Pere Mayans (secondary school professor and member of CIEMEN), Teresa Tort (Catalan language specialist, Secretary of the Interterritorial Commission on Language Teaching) and Maria Areny (secondary school professor and member of CIEMEN), authors of chapter “Education”. Bernat López López (Rovira i Virgili University) author of chapter “The media and the culture industries”. Xavier Tenorio (University Centre for Sociolinguistics and Communication, CUSC- UB), authors of chapter “Public Institutions: international reach of the language. Between the public and the private - socioeconomics, health and protection”. Miquel Àngel Pradilla Cardona (director of Xarxa CRUSCAT - IEC) author of the “Conclusions”. Xarxa CRUSCAT - IEC, Oriol Sagarra (Òmnium Cultural) and Daniel Mundet (Plataforma per la Llengua), authors of the “Introduction”. The authors of each chapter for the respective part of the “Summary of the report”. Authorship of each chapter: The respective authors. Authorship of the publication: Òmnium Cultural and Plataforma per la Llengua C/ Diputació, 276 08009 Barcelona The original text was checked for accuracy by the Linguistic Correction Services of the Institute for Catalan Studies (IEC). REPORT ON THE SITUATION OF THE CATALAN LANGUAGE (2013) http://blogs.iec.cat/cruscat/publicacions/informe/ 4 / 186 Contact: Email: [email protected] / [email protected] / [email protected] Website: Òmnium Cultural (http://www.omnium.cat) Plataforma per la Llengua (https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat) Xarxa CRUSCAT - IEC (http://blogs.iec.cat/cruscat) Online publication: The text is available online at: http://www.observatoridelallengua.cat/ http://blogs.iec.cat/cruscat/publicacions/informe/ Copying and distribution of the text: The VII Report on the Situation of the Catalan Language (2013) has been published under a Creative Commons licence (Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs3.0), the terms of which can be consulted at the following link: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/deed.ca. ISBN: 978-84-617-1822-1 Legal deposit: DL B 20.970 – 2014 REPORT ON THE SITUATION OF THE CATALAN LANGUAGE (2013) http://blogs.iec.cat/cruscat/publicacions/informe/ 5 / 186 Table of Contents 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 6 1.1. Origin and scope .............................................................................................................. 6 1.2. Elaboration procedure ..................................................................................................... 8 1.3. Structure ......................................................................................................................... 8 1.4. Authorship and coordination............................................................................................ 9 2. Report on the Situation of the Catalan Language (2013) ............................................................... 10 2.1. Demographic and economic context: evolution of the linguistic community ..................... 10 2.1.1. Economic situation and demographic structure ...................................................................................... 10 2.1.2. Situation and sociolinguistic evolution of the Catalan language in the Catalan-speaking territories ....... 17 2.1.3. Situation and sociolinguistic evolution in Catalonia ................................................................................. 27 2.1.4. Situation and sociolinguistic evolution in the Valencian Community ....................................................... 30 2.1.5. Situation and sociolinguistic evolution on the Balearic Islands ................................................................ 35 2.1.6. Situation and sociolinguistic evolution in Alghero .................................................................................... 43 2.1.7. Situation and sociolinguistic evolution in Carche ..................................................................................... 44 2.1.8. Demolinguistic research in other territories ............................................................................................ 46 2.1.9. Conclusions .............................................................................................................................................. 46 2.1.10. Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................. 50 2.2. Legal status of the language and socio-political dynamics. Unity of the language and relationships between territories .................................................................................... 55 2.2.1. Introduction: a brief note on the socio-political context .......................................................................... 55 2.2.2. The regulatory status of the Catalan language: regression in a context of uncertainty ........................... 58 2.2.3. Catalan legal status by territory ............................................................................................................... 65 2.2.4. Cooperation between Territories ............................................................................................................. 89 2.3. Education ....................................................................................................................... 94 2.3.1. Alghero ..................................................................................................................................................... 94 2.3.2. Andorra .................................................................................................................................................... 95 2.3.3. Catalonia .................................................................................................................................................. 97 2.3.4. Northern Catalonia................................................................................................................................. 105 2.3.5. La Franja ................................................................................................................................................. 109 2.3.6. The Balearic Islands ................................................................................................................................ 111 2.3.7. The Valencian Community ..................................................................................................................... 115 2.3.8. Carche .................................................................................................................................................... 119 2.3.9. Teaching of Catalan abroad .................................................................................................................... 120 2.4. Media and Cultural Industries ....................................................................................... 121 2.4.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 121 2.4.2. Daily Press .............................................................................................................................................. 121 2.4.3. Non-daily publications ........................................................................................................................... 124 2.4.4. Radio ...................................................................................................................................................... 125 2.4.5. Television ............................................................................................................................................... 126 2.4.6. Cultural industries: film and books ......................................................................................................... 128 2.4.7. Internet and online media ...................................................................................................................... 129 2.5. Public Institutions: international reach of the language Between the public and the private: socioeconomics, health and protection ............................................................. 131 2.5.1. Public Institutions ................................................................................................................................... 131 2.5.2. The Territories: State, Autonomous Community and local administration ............................................ 134 2.5.3. International reach of the language