THE MOHAMMEDAN WORLD OF TO-DAY Being papers read at the First Missionary Conference on behalf of the Mohammedan World held at Cairo April 4th-9th, r9o6 EDITED BY S. M. ZWEMER, F. R. G. S., E. M. WHERRY, D. D. JAMES L. BARTON, D. D. (Reproduction of a very rare Arabic Christian coin from the Crusaders' period, discovered by Rev. W. K. Eddy of Sidon, The inscriptions read: "The l<'alher,the Son, and the Holy Spirit, One God''; "One God, one Faith, one Baptism." The original is now in the British Museum, The significanceof the inscription is evident to the student of history,) NEW YORK CHICAGO TORONTO Fleming H. Revell Company LONDON AND EDINBURGH Copyright, 1906, by FLEMING H. REVELL COMPANY SECOJID EDITION CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTORY PAPER II Re-u. H. H. Jmup, D. D. II. JstAM IN EGYPT ZI Reff• .Andrew Watson, D. D. III. JsLAM IN WEST AFRICA 41 Dr. W. R. Miller IV. lsLAM IN TuRKEY 51 .Anatolfrtu V. ISLAM IN SYRIA AND PALJ,:STlNE Re-u. W. K. Eddy 59 VI. JsLAM IN ARABIA • Re-u. J. C. Y,ung, M. D. 79 VII. ISLAM IN ARABIA Re-u. S. M. Zwemer, D. D. 99 VIII. !SLAM IN PERSIA • 113 Ref/, W. St. Clair Tisdal!,M. A., D.D. IX. }SLAM IN BALUCHISTAN 131 Ref!• .A. Duncan Dixey x. lsLAM IN NoRTH INDIA 1 Ref/, E. M. Wherry, D. D. 47 XI. lsLAM IN SOUTH INDIA 1 3 Refl, M. G. Goldsmith, M. A. 7 XII. THa NEW lsLAM IN INDIA 185 New York: 158 Fifth A venue Rer,. H. U. Weitbrecht, Ph.D., D. D. Chicago: Wabash Avenue Toronto: 25So Richmond Street, W. XIII. !SLAM IN SUMATRA 205 London: 2 t Paternoster Square Re-u. G. K. Simon Edinburgh: 100 Princes Street 1 8 Contents XIV. ISLAM IN }AVA 2 Rer,. C. Albers, Jr. 33 Rer1. ]. Verhoeven, Sr. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xv. IsLAM IN BoKHARA AND CHINESE TURKESTAN 2 1 Reo. E. J,hn Laru11 4 Faci'ttg-pap XVI. ' ISLAM IN CHINA 247 Pu.GRIMS AROUND THE KAABA IN THE SACRED MOSQUE Rer,, W, Gilbert Walshe, M. A. AT MECCA Title XVII. How TO AaousE THE CHURCH AT HoME TO ENTRANCE TO THE MosQUE EL AzaAR, CA1Ro 32 THE NEEDS OF IsLAM 26 A MosLEM CoNVERT AND EvANGELisT (EGYPT) 36 Robert E. Speer, M. A. 5 MosLEMS AT PRAYER (EGYPT) 36 XVIII. COMPARATIVE SURVEY OF MOSQUE OF ST. SOPHIA • STA TISTlCAL AND 54 lsLAM IN AFRlCA A OMAN OF 279 w MECCA 8z Rev. Chas. R. Wat;on, D. D. A TYPICAL ARAB OF yEMEN 88 THE XIX. STATISTICAL AND COMPARATIVE SURVEY OF MOURNERS ON ANNIVERSARY OF HUSSEIN'S DEATH, lsLAM IN As1A WITH TOTALS FOR THE EN- TEHERAN, PERSIA 114 TIRE WoRLD 289 TYPES SEEN IN THE CAUCASUS • 122 Reo. S. M, Zwemer, D. D. A MosLEM CONVERT, PERSIA • 126 PROFESSORS AND STUDENTS, FORMAN CHRISTIAN COLLEGE A1' LAHORE 166 A MOSLEM DERISH (SINGING) • 222 MECCA PILGRIMS FROM CEtEBES z 3 8 MECCA PILGRIMS FROM DJAPARA, }AVA 238 TRA'1ELLING DERISHEs FROM BoKHARA 244 INTERIOR OF A MOHAMMEDAN MOSQUE 260 Foua M1sSIONARY MARTYRS OF ARABIA 272 MAPS AND STATISTICAL CHARTS MAP OF ARABIA IOI MAP OF AFRICA 282 STATISTICAL SURVEY OF ISLAM IN AFRICA 285 MAP OF ASIA 288 DuoRAMS OF MosLEM POPULATION 292 STATISTICAL SURVEY OF JsLAM IN AFRICA 295 9 I Introductory Paper Rev. H. H. Jessup, D. D. I Introductory Paper RECENTLY through the courtesy of a mutual friend, I visited the house of a Sheikh, whose fam­ ily claims to be the only one in Cairo lineally de­ 11 The sword of :Mohammed and the Koran are the moststub� scended from Mohammed. He is a venerable man born enemies of civili�tion, liberty a.nd truth which the world hasyet known. 11-Sir Wm. .Muir. living in a house hundreds of years old, whose " And who is he that overoometb the world, but he that be� architecture, carvings, inscriptions and decorations, lieveth that Jesusis the Son ol GodP ''-1 Jokn 5: 5. are all expressions of the faith of Islam. But the 11 Father, the hour is oome; glorifyThy Son that Thy Son numerous rooms are unoccupied. The only son, may glorify Thee."-John 17: 1, the heir of the lineage, died ten years ago in early manhood, and since then the mother has lived near the Citadel, in order to be near his tomb, given over to inconsolable grief. The aged Sheikh is courteous and affable-a fine specimen of patri­ archal dignity. But the shadow of that bereave­ ment has not been lightened. The sight of that mansion seemed to take one back through the ages of Islam. And I have been thinking of that mightiest system of monotheism the world has ever known, " shadowing with wings," the great continents of Asia and Africa, having in its progress stamped out of existence tens of thousands of Christian churches, and riveted upon200,000,000 of men, its doctrines, polity, cere­ monial, and code of laws, and imbedded itself in 13 Introductory Paper 15 14 The Mohammedan World of To-Day ness are almost unknown. They regard their cere­ the Arabic language like the nummulite fossils in monial righteousness as complete, and they are the ledges of J ebel Mokattam, until it stands to-day satisfied. Even where spiritual longing for peace like a towering mountain range, whose summits with God is felt, there is nothing in Islam to sat­ are gilded with the light of the great truths of isfy it. Some of the most eminent men in the his­ God's existence and unity, and whose foothills run tory of Islam have vainly sought it and died in de­ down into the sloughs of polygamy and oppression spair. I know of no work in Arabic or English and degradation of women. which presents this unsatisfied longing of the Mos­ Most people are somewhat familiar with the fa­ lem heart, more vividly than the Kusbah-el Huda vourable and unfavourable features of this system. ila Sir el Fida-" The Torch of Guidance to the They know something of its vast proportions, its Mystery of Redemption," by the author of the prodigious strength, and its power of propagation. Bakurat and translated into English by the la­ But very few even among Christians are aware of mented Sir William Muir, and published by the the great spiritual needs of Islam. Nor is the Religious Tract Society of London. The author Church at large awake to the fact that the Moham­ quotes from Mohammedan authors accounts of the medan world has suffered this destitution because last hours of the companions of Mohammed, viz. : of her past neglect, and that presentopen doors are Abu Bekr, Ali, Muawia, Solian el Thuri and Omar a challenge to her faith and faithfulness. These ibn el Khattab, and their dying utterances of donbt subjects embrace so wide a field that it will be and despair. impossible to do more than allude to the salient Abn Bekr said : "This is the day of my release points. and obtaining of my desert; if gladness, it will be lasting; if sorrow, it will never cease." I. THE SPIRITUAL DESTITUTION OF lsLill Ali said : "Alas, alas, provision for the journey (a) In general, Mohammedans need what all is small and its risks so dangerous l " men need-salvation through Jesus Christ. They Mua wia said to his son Yezid : " When I die, need to feel their need as lost sinners. This is take some of the hair and nails of the prophet and what they almost universally fail to experience. place them upon my eyes and in my mouth and Their conceit, arising from the old Semitic or Ju­ throat; then spread the prophet's shirt along the daistic idea of their essential superiority to all coffin; if anything could bring a blessing this other men, is a serious obstacle to their acceptance would." And Yezid at his funeral said, " If the of the Christian faith. Almighty forgive him, it will be because of His (b) Spiritual hunger and thirst after righteous- The Mohammedan World of To-Day Introductory Paper 17 mercy ; if He take vengeance upon him, it will be (d) They need the Bible in their own language, for his transgressions." and wise Christian literature. This has already Solianel Thuri, as death approached, said : "I am been done in most Mohammedan countries. Dur­ troubled because I am going on a way I know not ing the last year 46,000,000 of pages of the Arabic of, to appear before the Lord whom I have never Scriptures have been printed at the press in seen." Beirut.- (e) Omar ibn el Khattab, one of the greatest and They need an apostle from their own ranks ; best of the Caliphs, was greatly depressed in view a Mohammedan scholar, enlightened, renewed by of death, and said, " Whom are ye trying to de­ God's Spirit, thoroughly converted to faith in ceive ? Had I the whole East and the West, gladly Jesus, the Son of Mary, as the only Redeemer, who would I give up all, to be delivered from this awful will proclaim that the set time to favour Islam has terror that is hanging over me ! Would that I come and that they are all called to accept Christ. never had existed ! Would that my mother never Foreigners cannot do it : "a tree must be cut down had borne me ! " by one of its own branches." The Babi (Bel,ai) The Sufis might be regarded as an exception, movement in Persia shows what a tremendous but their highest aspiration is reunion with God or influence one man can exert in breaking up the absorption into the nature of Him from whom men solidarity of Islam.