Vol. 4 4 , No. HARVARD JOURNAL 1 of HARVARD LAW & PUBLIC POLICY VOLUME 44, NUMBER 1 WINTER 2021 THE STRUCTURAL CONSTITUTION IN J OURNAL THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY THE THIRTY-NINTH ANNUAL FEDERALIST SOCIETY NATIONAL STUDENT SYMPOSIUM ON LAW AND PUBLIC POLICY—2020 The Hon. Paul D. Clement Lynn A. Baker of Keith Whittington John Yoo LAW Roderick M. Hills William Baude & ARTICLES “CRIMES INVOLVING MORAL TURPITUDE”: PUBLIC THE CONSTITUTIONAL AND PERSISTENT IMMIGRATION LAW DOCTRINE Craig S. Lerner HAT IS AESAR S HAT IS OD S W C ’ , W G ’ : FUNDAMENTAL PUBLIC POLICY FOR CHURCHES POLICY Lloyd Hitoshi Mayer & Zachary B. Pohlman IS ADMINISTRATIVE SUMMARY JUDGMENT UNLAWFUL? Alexander I. Platt ESSAY JOHN ADAMS, LEGAL REPRESENTATION, AND THE “CANCEL CULTURE” Secretary Eugene Scalia Winter NOTES ARENS ATRIAE AND TATE TTORNEYS ENERAL P P S A G : 202 A SOLUTION TO OUR NATION'S OPIOID LITIGATION? 1 JURISDICTIONAL AVOIDANCE: RECTIFYING THE LOWER COURTS’ MISAPPLICATION OF STEEL CO. Pages 1 to 401 HARVARD JOURNAL of LAW & PUBLIC POLICY VOLUME 44, NUMBER 1 WINTER 2021 THE STRUCTURAL CONSTITUTION IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY THE THIRTY-NINTH ANNUAL FEDERALIST SOCIETY NATIONAL STUDENT SYMPOSIUM ON LAW AND PUBLIC POLICY—2020 THE FEDERALIST NO. 48, THE SEPARATION OF POWERS, AND “THE IMPETUOUS VORTEX” The Honorable Paul D. Clement .................................................. 1 THE ROLE OF NORMS IN OUR CONSTITUTIONAL ORDER Keith Whittington ...................................................................... 17 KEEPING THE COMPACT CLAUSE IRRELEVANT Roderick M. Hills ....................................................................... 29 RETHINKING THE SENATE Lynn A. Baker ............................................................................ 39 THE PROPER ROLE OF THE SENATE John Yoo ..................................................................................... 47 CONSTITUTIONALIZING INTERSTATE RELATIONS: THE TEMPTATION OF THE DARK SIDE William Baude ............................................................................ 57 ARTICLES “CRIMES INVOLVING MORAL TURPITUDE”: THE CONSTITUTIONAL AND PERSISTENT IMMIGRATION LAW DOCTRINE Craig S. Lerner .......................................................................... 71 WHAT IS CAESAR’S, WHAT IS GOD’S: FUNDAMENTAL PUBLIC POLICY FOR CHURCHES Lloyd Hitoshi Mayer & Zachary B. Pohlman .......................... 145 IS ADMINISTRATIVE SUMMARY JUDGMENT UNLAWFUL? Alexander I. Platt. .................................................................... 239 ESSAY JOHN ADAMS, LEGAL REPRESENTATION, AND THE “CANCEL CULTURE” Secretary Eugene Scalia ........................................................... 333 NOTES PARENS PATRIAE AND STATE ATTORNEYS GENERAL: A SOLUTION TO OUR NATION'S OPIOID LITIGATION? Nick Cordova ............................................................................ 339 JURISDICTIONAL AVOIDANCE: RECTIFYING THE LOWER COURTS’ MISAPPLICATION OF STEEL CO. Brian A. Kulp ........................................................................... 374 HARVARD JOURNAL of LAW & PUBLIC POLICY Editor-in-Chief MAX BLOOM Articles Chair Deputy Editor-in-Chief Managing Editors JASON MUEHLHOFF JAY SCHAEFER JOHN KETCHAM STUART SLAYTON Senior Articles Editors Executive Editors JOHN ACTON PAYTON ALEXANDER Deputy Managing Editors DAVIS CAMPBELL JOHN BAILEY CATHERINE COLE TYLER DOBBS JAMIN DOWDY JACOB HARCAR JESSICA TONG ROBERT FARMER ALEXANDER KHAN SEANHENRY VAN DYKE ZACHARY GROUEV KEVIN LIE Articles Editors ALEXANDER GUERIN Notes Editors ALAN CHAN JOHN MORRISON JASON ALTABET JONATHAN DEWITT ALLY MUSHKA NICK CORDOVA ALEX RIDDLE PHIL HAUNSCHILD Chief Financial Officer ARIA URYN OLIVER ROBERTS M H COOPER GODFREY ELI NACHMANY AARON WARD HUNTER PEARL ANNIE WILT Deputy Chief Financial Officer BRYAN POELLOT VINCENT WU ROSS HILDABRAND DANA SCHNEIDER Website Manager ASHLEY VAUGHAN WILLIAM FLANAGAN ISAAC WYANT Senior Editors KEVIN BAGNALL CHRISTIAN HECHT JACK ROBBINS KATHRYN BARRAGAN COURTNEY JONES AUDRA ROBITAILLE NOAH BENSON PRANAV MULPUR BEN SALVATORE AUGUST BRUSCHINI ELI NACHMANY MAX SCHREIBER ALAN CHAN HUNTER PEARL LAURA SOUNDY WILLIAM FLANAGAN JORDAN PECK DUNN WESTHOFF MARC FRANCIS BRYAN POELLOT ISAAC WYANT CHRIS HALL BRETT RAFFISH JUSTIN YIM PHIL HAUNSCHILD JACOB RICHARDS Editors PATRICK CESPEDES JACK KIEFFABER MICHAEL SCHNEEKLOTH KYLE EISWALD JOEL MALKIN OWEN SMITHERMAN ROGAN FENG JEREMY ORLIAN MIKHAEL SMITS MARIO FIANDEIRO ANTHONY PERICOLO ARI SPITZER JACK FOLEY ANASTASIA PYRINIS MATTHEW STEINER ETHAN HARPER SPENCER SABEY DAVID TYE JOHN HEO NASH SANTHANAM ZACH WINN Founded by E. Spencer Abraham & Steven J. Eberhard BOARD OF ADVISORS E. Spencer AbrahaM, Founder Steven G. Calabresi Douglas R. Cox Jennifer W. Elrod Charles Fried Douglas H. Ginsburg Orrin Hatch Jonathan R. Macey Michael W. McConnell DiarMuid F. O’Scannlain JereMy A. Rabkin Hal S. Scott David B. Sentelle Bradley Smith Jerry E. SMith THE HARVARD JOURNAL OF LAW & PUBLIC POLICY RECEIVES NO FINANCIAL SUPPORT FROM HARVARD LAW SCHOOL OR HARVARD UNIVERSITY. IT IS FUNDED EXCLUSIVELY BY SUBSCRIPTION REVENUES AND PRIVATE CHARITABLE CONTRIBUTIONS. The Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy is published three times annually by the Harvard Society for Law & Public Policy, Inc., Harvard Law School, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138. ISSN 0193-4872. Nonprofit postage prepaid at Lincoln, Nebraska and at additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to the Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy, Harvard Law School, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138. Yearly subscription rates: United States, $55.00; foreign, $75.00. Subscriptions are renewed automatically unless a request for discontinuance is received. The Journal welcomes the submission of articles and book reviews. Each manuscript should be typed double-spaced, preferably in Times New Roman 12-point typeface. Authors submit manuscripts electronically to [email protected], preferably prepared using Microsoft Word. Views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Society or of its officers, directors, editors, members, or staff. Unless otherwise indicated, all editors are students at the Harvard Law School. Copyright © 2021 by the Harvard Society for Law & Public Policy, Inc. PREFACE The University of Michigan Federalist Society chapter hosted the Thirty-Ninth Annual National Student Symposium, albeit remotely, on March 13th and 14th of 2020. The topic, which was determined in a more tranquil era, proved to be prescient: federalism and the relationships among the branches of government. From the impeachment proceedings in early 2020 to the debates about congressional and state power during the COVID-19 crisis, judges, academics, and the public engaged with issues of structural constitutional law throughout the year. The Federalist Society’s Symposium hosted four panels on these issues, during which some of the country’s finest legal and judicial minds debated the role of norms in our constitutional system, the proper place of the Senate, and constitutional boundaries on interstate relations, among other topics. We have the honor of presenting six Essays from the Symposium in this Issue of the Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy. In the Symposium’s Keynote Address, former United States Solicitor General Paul D. Clement discusses the Madisonian theory of separation of powers, and posits that an increasingly unassertive Congress—far from the “impetuous vortex” that Hamilton and Madison feared—threatens our model of government. In the following essays, Professor Keith Whittington discusses the role of norms in our constitutional order, and Professor Roderick M. Hills makes a case for keeping the Compact Clause entirely irrelevant. Next, Professors Lynn A. Baker and John Yoo discuss the proper role of the Senate: Professor Baker argues that it tends to erode the federalist system by promoting the power of small-population ii states over large-population states; Professor Yoo contends that the Senate plays a healthy role in America’s system of government as a force for deliberation and compromise. Finally, the Symposium essays conclude with a piece by Professor William Baude, in which he criticizes the Supreme Court’s approach to interstate relations, whereby the Court has abdicated its role in choice-of-law jurisprudence, while aggressively policing the boundaries of state sovereign immunity. We are also pleased to present three Articles addressing issues of constitutional and administrative law. The first Article of this Issue, by Professor Craig S. Lerner, addresses the phrase “crimes involving moral turpitude,” which has long been used in the immigration laws as a trigger for deportation. Professor Lerner reviews the long history of the term and then defends the phrase against attack from both the academy and the judiciary. In the next Article, Professor Lloyd Hitoshi Mayer and Zachary B. Pohlman discuss the application of the Court’s 1983 decision in Bob Jones University v. United States, which suggested that religious organizations may lose their tax-exempt status if they engage in activities “contrary to fundamental public policy,” and which has renewed currency today given debates over religious policies regarding sexual orientation. Drawing on the work of theologian Abraham Kuyper, the authors argue that churches should not generally be subject to the doctrine, although they should still lose their tax benefits if they engage in significant criminal activity. In our last Article, Professor Alexander I. Platt examines the Securities