BAPI-006 Floriculture and Indira Gandhi National Open University School of Agriculture Landscaping Block 1 CUT FLOWERS UNIT 1 Major Cut Flower 5 UNIT 2 Iris (Bulbous), Lilium and Narcissus 46 UNIT 3 Orchids and Anthurium 78 UNIT 4 Alstroemeria and Gladiolus 115 UNIT 5 Tuberrose and Tulip 138 Programme and Course Design Committee Dr. K. Prathapan Dr. Harpal Singh Mission Director, State Horticulture Mission-Kerala Principal Scientist (Rtd.),G-20/A, Kiran Garden, (Govt. of Kerala), Sunny Dale, Mead’s lane, Main Najafgarh Road, Uttam Nagar Palayam, Trivandrum-695034 (Kerala) New Delhi Dr. Room Singh Dr. S.V.S. Rathore Principal Scientist (Rtd.),HIG-II/110 B-39, HIG, Near Paschim Crossing, Swarn Jayanti Nagar, Ramghat Road, Shastri Puram Aligarh (Uttar Pradesh) Agra (Uttar Pradesh) Dr. S.S. Sindhu Dr. R.L. Mishra Principal Scientist, Department of Floriculture and C-04, Brahma Apartment,Plot-7 Landscaping, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Sector-7, Dwarka, Pusa,New Delhi-110012 (Delhi) New Delhi Dr. Prabhat Kumar Dr. Neera Kapoor Assistant Professor, Department of Horticulture, Professor, Life Science,School of Science, College of Agriculure, G. B. Pant IGNOU,Maidan Garhi University of Agriculture and Technology, New Delhi Pantnagar, Dist. US Nagar (Uttarakhand) Faculty from School of Agriculture Dr. M.K. Sheikh Prof. B.S. Hansra, Director Head & Professor, Horticulture College of Prof. M.K. Salooja, Professor Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences Dr. S.K. Yadav, Reader P.B. No.-18, Bijapur (Karnataka) Dr. P.K. Jain, Lecturer Dr. P. Vijayakumar, Lecturer Dr. P.K. Jain Er. Mukesh Kumar, Lecturer Professor & Head, Department of Horticulture, Dr. Mita Sinhamahapatra, Lecturer Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Viswavidyala Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh) Programme & Course Coordinator : Dr. S.K. Yadav Block Preparation Team Writers Editor Dr. S.S. Sindhu, (Unit 1) Prof. Ranjan Srivastava, (Unit 1) Principal Scientist, Head, Department of Horticulture Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand Pusa, New Delhi Dr. S.S. Sindhu, (Unit 2-5) Dr. R.L. Mishra, (Unit 2-5) Principal Scientist, Department of Floriculture Floriculture Co-ordinator (Rtd.) and Landscaping, Indian Agricultural Research C-4, Brahma Apartments, Plot No-7, Institute (IARI), Pusa,New Delhi Sec. No-7, Dwarka, New Delhi PRODUCTION TEAM Mr. Kulwant Singh Mr. Hemant Parida Assistant Registrar (P) Section Officer (P) MPDD, IGNOU, Maidan Garhi, New Delhi MPDD, IGNOU, Maidan Garhi, New Delhi January, 2021 Indira Gandhi National Open University, 2020 ISBN : 978-93-90496-97-6 All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the Indira Gandhi National Open University. Further information on the Indira Gandhi National Open University courses may be obtained from the University's office at Maidan Garhi, New Delhi. Printed and published on behalf of the Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi by the Registrar, MPDD, IGNOU, New Delhi. Laser Typeset by Raj Printers, A-9, Sector B-2, Tronica City, Loni (Gzb.) Printed at : Raj Printers, A-9, Sector B-2, Tronica City, Loni (Gzb.) BLOCK 1 CUT FLOWERS We all know the significance of cut flower for business and aesthetic purposes. Only few flowers are put under cut flower. The cut flowers have good business avenues compared to non-cut flowers. Their production and types of species are discussed under this block. Some cut flowers such as Tulip and Anthurium are quite expensive and have now well adapted under Indian ecosystem. Their demand for preparation of bouquet and other similar decorations is increasing day by day. There are 05 units in this block. Every unit is dedicated to a particular cut flower. You will learn the package of practices of major cut flowers in this block. Cut Flowers 4 UNIT 1 MAJOR CUT FLOWERS Major Cut Flower Structure 1.0 Objectives 1.1 Important Cut Flower Crops - Carnation, Chrysanthemum, Gerbera, Statics and Rose 1.2 Carnation 1.2.1 Introduction 1.2.2 Climate 1.2.3 Soil 1.2.4 Propagation 1.2.5 Planting 1.2.6 Season and cycle 1.2.7 Carnation growing period 1.2.8 Irrigation 1.2.9 Fertilization 1.2.10 Support nets 1.2.11 Pinching and Disbudding 1.2.12 Harvesting and Post harvest handling of cut flower 1.2.13 Propagation 1.2.14 Insect, Pest, Disease and Physiological disorders 1.3 Chrysanthemum 1.3.1 Taxonomy 1.3.2 History 1.3.3 Use of Chrysanthemum 1.3.4 Classification of Chrysanthemum 1.3.5 Cultivars for land and pot Culture 1.3.6 Soil Preparation 1.3.7 Essential Environmental factors 1.3.8 Planting and month wise operations 1.3.9 Irrigation 1.3.10 Nutrition 1.3.11 Propagation 1.3.12 Growth Substance 1.3.13 Harvesting and Storage of Flowers 1.3.14 Plant Protection 1.4 Gerbera 1.4.1 Growing environment 1.4.2 Commercial varieties 1.4.3 Soil and growing medium 1.4.4 Disinfection or sterilization of soil 1.4.5 Transplanting 1.4.6 Watering or Irrigation of Gerbera 1.4.7 Nutritional requirement 5 Cut Flowers 1.4.8 Propagation of Gerbera 1.4.9 Harvesting of Flowers 1.4.10 Yield of cut flowers 1.4.11 Plant Protection 1.5 Statice 1.5.1 Species 1.5.2 Soil and climate 1.5.3 Seed sowing and planting 1.5.4 Varieties 1.5.5 Irrigation 1.5.6 Propagation 1.5.7 Fertilizer 1.5.8 Plant Protection 1.5.9 Harvesting of flowers 1.6 Rose 1.6.1 Botanical description 1.6.2 Propagation 1.6.3 Varieties 1.6.4 Soil 1.6.5 Essential Environmental Factors 1.6.6 Production Factors 1.6.7 Pruning, Bending, development of bush, Disbudding and De-shooting 1.6.8 Manuring, Fertilization and Irrigation 1.6.9 Harvesting and Post Harvest Management of Flower 1.6.10 Plant Protection 1.7 Let Us Sum Up 1.8 Key Words 1.9 Further References 1.10 Answers to Check Your Progress Exercises 1.0 OBJECTIVES After going through this unit, you will be in a position to: explain the purpose and utility of growing cut flowers, to assess the different growing components, explain the production techniques for cut flower, post harvest management of cut flowers, and marketing strategy of cut flower crops. 1.1 IMPORTANT CUT FLOWER CROPS – CARNATION, CHRYSANTHEMUM, GERBERA, STATICS AND ROSE Flowers have been associated with the human life since the time immemorial. 6 These are symbol of peace and love. Their uses on various occasions i.e. festivals, social and family functions and religious ceremonies are known since generations. Major Cut Flower Cut flowers provide aesthetic environment indoor. In the modern stressful life, importance of cut flowers is further increased as these help in releasing stress by creating natural and energetic environment. These five flowers are very important cut flowers out of ten cut flower crops and have long self vase life under water. Frequent changes of water and re-cutting the stem ends will ensure a good steady flow of water up the stem. If flower foods are not used one should change the water and re-cut the stems every two days. In case of use of flower foods re- cutting every five days is enough. Watering the foam daily is required if arrangement is in foam, as it dries out quickly. Now you will study each cut flower crop one by one in detail as follow: 1.2 CARNATION Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) is a herbaceous perennial flowering plant, belonging to the family Caryophyllaceae. It has been under cultivation by man for over 2000 years. There are about 250-300 species of Dianthus comprises annuals and evergreen perennials but only a few are cultivated. The most common cultivated species are D. caryophyllus, D. barbatus and D. chinensis. The D. chinensis (Annual Carnation) is commonly known as Indian pink, Chinensis or Japanese pink. The species D. barbatus (Biennial Carnation) is commonly known as Sweet William, grows mostly from seeds and prefers warm climate. The stems are glabrous; leaves are opposite, broad and flat. The flowers are solitary. The present day perpetual Carnation was developed from cross between D. caryophyllus (female parent) and D. chinensis (male parent). They are grouped into standard and spray types on the basis of flower size. The standard type produces large single flowers on a longer sturdy stem. They suffer from diseases when grown under warm humid climates. The spray or miniature types produce many flowers of a smaller size on a short stem and are suitable to warm climates. The most common varieties of carnation are: Arthur Sim, Sunrise, Lemon drop, Pink Dona, Master, Liberty, Tempo, Lavender, Searia, Santiago, Granda, Raggio di sole etc. 1.2.1 Introduction Nearby your area you might have seen, Carnation, Chrysanthemum, Gerbera, Statice and Roses. The cut flowers stands the use of flowers after detachment. These are the common top ten cut flowers worldwide. Cut flowers means the flowers which have large strength and long was life more than seven days, after flower harvesting. Flowers of these crops are valued for its keeping quality, wide array of colours and forms and ability to rehyderate after long transportation. These qualities form the basis of many floral arrangements and mixed bouquets. Carnations have many characteristics which suit today’s consumers and markets, including larger blooms, pleasant clove-scented fragrance and a long vase life. 7 Cut Flowers Carnation flowers are also used for bedding, pots, rock gardens, window boxes and edging. Owing to its ever increasing demand in the world market, high quality Carnations are also being cultivated in India.