Lyme Borreliosis Biology, Epidemiology and Control Lyme Borreliosis Biology, Epidemiology and Control Edited by J. Gray Department of Environmental Resource Management University College Dublin Republic of Ireland O. Kahl Institut für Angewandte Zoologie Freie Universität Berlin Germany R.S. Lane Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management University of California at Berkeley USA and G. Stanek Institute of Hygiene University of Vienna Austria CABI Publishing CABI Publishing is a division of CAB International CABI Publishing CABI Publishing CAB International 10 E 40th Street Wallingford Suite 3203 Oxon OX10 8DE New York, NY 10016 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 212 481 7018 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: +1 212 686 7993 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.cabi-publishing.org © CAB International 2002. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress, Washington DC, USA. ISBN 0 85199 632 9 Typeset by Wyvern 21 Ltd, Bristol Printed and bound in the UK by Cromwell Press, Trowbridge Contents Contributors vii Preface ix 1. History and Characteristics of Lyme Borreliosis 1 G. Stanek, F. Strle, J. Gray and G.P. Wormser 2. Ecological Research on Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato: Terminology and Some Methodological Pitfalls 29 O. Kahl, L. Gern, L. Eisen and R.S. Lane 3. Molecular and Cellular Biology of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato 47 S. Bergström, L. Noppa, Å. Gylfe and Y. Östberg 4. Vectors of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato 91 L. Eisen and R.S. Lane 5. Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in the Vertebrate Host 117 K. Kurtenbach, S.M. Schäfer, S. de Michelis, S. Etti and H.-S. Sewell 6. Ecology of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Europe 149 L. Gern and P.-F. Humair 7. Ecology of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Russia 175 E.I. Korenberg, N.B. Gorelova and Y.V. Kovalevskii v vi Contents 8. Ecology of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Japan and East Asia 201 K. Miyamoto and T. Masuzawa 9. Ecology of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in North America 223 J. Piesman 10. Epidemiology of Lyme Borreliosis 251 D.T. Dennis and E.B. Hayes 11. Vaccination against Lyme Borreliosis 281 E.B. Hayes and M.E. Schriefer 12. Environmental Management for Lyme Borreliosis Control 301 K.C. Stafford and U. Kitron Index 335 Contributors S. Bergström, Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden. D.T. Dennis, Division of Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, US Department of Health and Human Services, PO Box 2087, Fort Collins, CO 80522, USA. L. Eisen, Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. S. Etti, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, St Mary’s Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK. L. Gern, Institut de Zoologie, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, Case Postale 2, CH 2007 Neuchâtel 7, Switzerland. N.B. Gorelova, Gamaleya Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 18 Gamaleya Street, Moscow, 123098 Russia. J. Gray, Department of Environmental Resource Management, University College Dublin, Ireland. Å. Gylfe, Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden. E.B. Hayes, Division of Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, US Department of Health and Human Services, PO Box 2087, Fort Collins, CO 80522, USA. P.-F. Humair, Institute of Zoology, University of Neuchâtel, Chantemerle 22, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland. O. Kahl, Institute of Applied Zoology/Animal Ecology, Free University of Berlin, 12163 Berlin, Germany. Present address: Blackwell Verlag, Kurfürstendamm 57, 10707 Berlin, Germany. U. Kitron, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, 2001 S. Lincoln, Urbana, IL 61802, USA. vii viii Contributors E.I. Korenberg, Gamaleya Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 18 Gamaleya Street, Moscow, 123098 Russia. Y.V. Kovalevskii, Gamaleya Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 18 Gamaleya Street, Moscow, 123098 Russia. K. Kurtenbach, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, St Mary’s Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK. R.S. Lane, Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. T. Masuzawa, Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan. S. de Michelis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, St Mary’s Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK. K. Miyamoto, Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical College, Asahikawa, 078- 8510, Japan. L. Noppa, Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden. Y. Östberg, Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden. J. Piesman, Division of Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, US Department of Health and Human Services, PO Box 2087, Fort Collins, CO 80522, USA. S.M. Schäfer, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, St Mary’s Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK. M.E. Schriefer, Division of Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, US Department of Health and Human Services, PO Box 2087, Fort Collins, CO 80522, USA. H.-S. Sewell, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, St Mary’s Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK. K.C. Stafford, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, PO Box 1106, New Haven, CT 06540, USA. G. Stanek, Clinical Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, University of Vienna, Austria. F. Strle, Department of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia. G.P. Wormser, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, New York Medical College and Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, New York, USA. Preface Lyme borreliosis, often referred to as Lyme disease, emerged during the mid- 1970s when an unusual form of juvenile arthritis was observed in the small town of Lyme, Connecticut, USA. Since then a wealth of literature on the subject has been published and eight international conferences as well as several smaller- scale specialist or local meetings have taken place. Most publications, including several textbooks, have concentrated on clinical aspects, which reflects the impor- tance of the disease in addition to the well-documented difficulties associated with diagnosis and treatment. The complex ecology of the causative agent, Borrelia burgdorferi, has also attract- ed much attention. Awareness of this complexity increased markedly when it became evident during the early 1990s that B. burgdorferi occurs as several dis- tinct genospecies, referred to collectively as B. burgdorferi sensu lato, with appar- ently differing host preferences and pathological significance. In fact, most recent advances in our knowledge of Lyme borreliosis have concerned aspects of the basic biology and ecology of the causative spirochaetes and their tick vectors, leading to the development of vaccines and ecological preventive measures. However, the literature on these topics is widely scattered in research papers, reviews and meeting proceedings, and there is now a need for such information to be made available in book form. In this book, the first chapter outlines historical and clinical aspects including descriptions of the disease in humans and domestic animals, and of diagnosis and treatment. The second chapter deals with ecological methods and termi- nology and Chapters 3–5 describe the biology of the spirochaetes and their behaviour in vectors and vertebrates. The next four chapters (6–9) concern the ecology of B. burgdorferi s.l. in Europe, Russia, Southeast Asia and North America, and the last three chapters (10–12) deal with the application of the biological ix x Preface and ecological attributes of the pathogens to disease epidemiology, vaccine devel- opment and the ecological management of Lyme borreliosis. The intended readership includes microbiologists, immunologists, zoologists, ecologists, epidemiologists, specialist clinicians, public health workers, specialist veterinarians, teachers, research students and all those interested in zoonotic or vector-borne infectious diseases. It is intended that the book will not only inform but will also stimulate much needed further research on the complex biology of B. burgdorferi s.l. Acknowledgements We are especially grateful to Janet Robertson for her editorial assistance. Thanks are also due to the following authorities in the subject