
LIFE 18 CCA/ES/001109 Deliverable Action A.1 Base line characterisation report Deliverable Name: Base line characterisation report. Action A.1 Due date 30/09/2020 LIFE: LIFE18/CCA/ES/001109 Beneficiary responsible for the deliverable: ASAJA MÁLAGA 1 LIFE 18 CCA/ES/001109 Deliverable Action A.1 Base line characterisation report Life Vida for citrus Table of Contents 1. Summary………………………………………………………………………… 2 2. Protocol for initial characterization……………………………….. 3 3. Results……………………………………………………………………………. 21 3.1. Spain………………………………………………………………… 21 3.1.1 Málaga………………………………………………… 21 3.1.2 Polinyà de Xúquer………………………………… 34 3.1.3 Alcalá del Río……………………………………….. 50 3.1.4 Llíria…………………………………………………….. 60 3.1.5 Aljaraque……………………………………………… 66 3.1.6 Canary Islands….………………………………… 72 3.1.7 Seville…………………………………………………… 82 3.2. Italy……………………………………………………………………. 85 3.2.1 Sicily…………………………………………………….. 85 3.3. France………………………………………………………………… 98 3.3.1 Corsica………………………………………………….. 98 3.3.2 Guadeloupe………………………………………… 102 3.4. Portugal……………………………………………………………… 111 3.4.1 Ferreira do Alentejo………………………………. 111 4. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………. 118 5. Clarification of concepts…………………………………………………….. 119 1. Summary The project will be implemented in 9 areas distributed in 4 different countries: Spain (6 areas), Italy (1 area), France (1 area) and Portugal (1 area). Current management practices and historical land uses, risks, geographical location, topography, soil, hydrology, vegetation, fauna, maintenance and logistics are described and evaluated for each area. 2 LIFE 18 CCA/ES/001109 Deliverable Action A.1 Base line characterisation report 2. Protocol for initial characterization of demonstration plots In this document, the characterization of the areas proposed for planting is analyzed using previous data: current management practices and historical land uses, area risks, geographical location (region, climatic zone and altitude), topography, soil, hydrology, vegetation and fauna In addition, specific logistical and planting maintenance needs are evaluated to facilitate the planting process and anticipate potential difficulties. In the initial characterization of the plots, the descriptive sheets (ANNEX I and II) corresponding to both types of plots will be filled: rootstock plots (C1) and adaptation plots (C3). These descriptive files will generally include the identification data of the plot, the physical, chemical and microbiological characteristics of the soil, type of irrigation, the climatic data from the nearest weather station, as well as the background of the plot. In the adaptation plots case (C3) foliar analysis will be included. Below are showing the use, sampling methodology and interpretation of results for the analysis of characterization: 1. - PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF THE SOIL Soil analysis is a usual practice, widely accepted as informative and as an essential part of any appropriate management program. This analysis provides an estimate of soil fertility due to this small sample is a representative sample of the entire soil is analyzed. Therefore it is necessary, given the impossibility of sampling the entire study area, it is essential to achieve representative sampling. Representativeness can be defined as the level to which the samples accurately represent a characteristic of a population, parameter variation at a sampling point or an environmental condition.. The fertility of a soil is related to the availability of mineral nutrients for plants. This depends on a complex balance of macro and mineral micro elements essential for plants. The three most important are nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). If these macroelements are at adequate levels available in the soil, the rest of the nutrients will generally be at adequate levels. On the other hand, it must be considered that soil fertility is not constant in space and time. Thus, when a soil analysis is performed, in addition to global fertility, other factors such as depth and sampling time have a great effect on the result of the evaluation. 3 LIFE 18 CCA/ES/001109 Deliverable Action A.1 Base line characterisation report 1.1.- Uses The importance of soil fertility analysis is in productive terms in the utility that the analysis will provide to the husbandman, some of these utilities are: • Evaluation of the nutrient availability of the soil. • Base appropriate fertilization programs. • Cost minimization in the application of the determined fertilizer doses. • Maximization of utilities: do not limit or exceed the necessary nutrients for the plant. • Keep water sources in good condition: do not contaminate them with exaggerated doses that generate leaching and water contamination. 1.2. Sampling Each plot will be divided into different sampling units based on soil heterogeneity (color, soil drainage, slope...) and plantation (productivity, growth...). From each sampling unit we will take a sample of the surface layer (soil: 0-30 cm depth) and another of the immediately lower layer (subsoil: 30-60 cm depth). Each of these samples will be composed of several subsamples, between 10 to 15 subsamples being recommended, which will be taken randomly. Each sample will weigh approximately 1kg. The soil extraction will be carried out with an auger in a wet bulb area. Each extracted subsample will be collected in a plastic bag, removing any foreign objects (stones, roots ...), where they will be mixed, and the necessary sample will be taken (approximately 1 kg). Soil samples will be taken preferably after harvest and never after applying a fertilizer or amendment. 1.3. Parameters to be determinate • Physicals: 1. - Soil texture: % Sand % Silt % Clay 2. - Field capacity (%) 4 LIFE 18 CCA/ES/001109 Deliverable Action A.1 Base line characterisation report • Chemicals: 1. - pH 2. - Electric conductivity (mmhos/cm) 3. - Organic material (%) 4. - Total limestone (CaCO3; %) 5. - Active limestone (%) 6. - Cation Exchange capacity (CEC; meq/100g) 7. - Exchange cations: Calcium (Ca; %) Magnesium (Mg; %) Sodium (Na; %) Potassium (K;%) 8. - Fertilizer elements: Nitrogen (N; %) Assimilable Phosphorus (P; ppm) Assimilable Potassium (K; ppm) Assimilable Magnesium (Mg; meq/100 g) Assimilable Calcium (Ca; meq/100 g) 9. - Other parameters: Ratio C/N Ratio Ca/Mg (meq/100g) Ratio K/Mg (meq/100g) 5 LIFE 18 CCA/ES/001109 Deliverable Action A.1 Base line characterisation report 1.4. - Results interpretation Soil analysis is an indispensable element to know the physical and chemical characteristics that affect the nutrition of the plantation. The physical conditions of the soil, and particularly the texture, inform us of important aspects related to the mobility of water and the dynamics of the fertilizing elements. The chemical analysis indicates the nutrient richness of the soil and gives us an approximation of the elements that are assimilated by the plant. The soil analysis also informs us of those characteristics that are unfavorable or limiting for the development of the crop. Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 show the levels of the main components of the soil, related to citrus nutrition (Legaz et al., 1995). CO3 a Table 1.-Interpretation of soil analysis 1. Extract 1 / 2.5; 2. Excerpt 1/5; 3. Relations for values expressed in meq / 100g Source: Legaz et al., 1995 Table 2.-Interpretation of soil organic material analysis Source: Legaz et al., 1995 6 LIFE 18 CCA/ES/001109 Deliverable Action A.1 Base line characterisation report Table 3.-Interpretation of phosphorus (P) analysis in soil (Olsen method) Source: Legaz et al., 1995 1: ppm / (10 * pm) = meq / 100g Table 4.-Interpretation of potassium (K) analysis in soil (1 N ammonium acetate extract) Source: Legaz et al., 1995 Table 5.-Interpretation of magnesium (Mg) analysis in soil (1 N ammonium acetate extract) Source: Legaz et al., 1995 Table 6.-Interpretation of calcium (Ca) analysis in soil (1 N ammonium acetate extract) Source: Legaz et al., 1995 7 LIFE 18 CCA/ES/001109 Deliverable Action A.1 Base line characterisation report 1.5.- Characterization of the ideal soil in citrus cultivation Citrus crop are not a very demanding in soils. The characteristics that an ideal soil must present are: ● Deep soils to facilitate root development that guarantees a good anchorage of the tree, extensive exploration to ensure good nutrition, and adequate growth. ● Good aeration, with a balanced proportion of thick and fine elements (texture), which is not excessively clayey. Clay soils give lower fruit quality than sandy soils: thicker skin, less juice and less sweet. ● 1 - 1.5 m depth of land. ● Preferably permeable soils. Too much water causes Gomosis disease (cracking of the cortex at the neck level), rot and root asphyxiation. ● They tolerate a wide range of soils, but thrive in those fertile, well drained and slightly acidic (pH 6-6.5). ● Normal values in a chemical analysis of the soil for citrus cultivation: Table 7.- Normal values of a soil analysis for citrus cultivation 1. Extract 1 / 2.5; 2. Extract 1/5; 3. Relations for values expressed in meq / 100g Source: Legaz et al., 1995 8 LIFE 18 CCA/ES/001109 Deliverable Action A.1 Base line characterisation report 2.- SOIL MICROBIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS Soil microorganisms contribute to the maintenance of chemical, physical and biological soil fertility. They transform inorganic nutrients, which otherwise can not be absorbed by the plant; they also favor decomposition and mineralization of organic material. Life in soil is made up of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, protozoa, nematodes, virus and
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