ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES 2 CLASSIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES Environmental technologies are technological solutions of environmental problems, and they mitigate the impact of production on the environment. Environmental technologies are used in such sectors as industry, agriculture, services and transport, as well as in everyday housework. The impact of production on the environment is determined by the fact, that during the process of production, raw materials, water and energy are used, making products and waste 3 Environmental technologies can be classified into three large groupsgroups:: end-of-pipe clean environmental production climate technologies pollution reduction technologies technologies Production can be made “clean” if the emissions and waste are used as resources for another plant Environmental pollution reduction facilities are installed in order to purify exhaust gases and wastewater and to ensure waste management Climate technologies include both above-mentioned environmental technology groups when they reduce the impact on climate change 4 CLEAN PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES Clean production is a process in which hardly any waste is produced, but all the raw materials are used up for the end product. Clean production can be achieved by implementing: minimal use of water, no wastewater, minimal use of energy, economical use of raw materials, and no waste. It is possible to make production more efficient with lesser input (materials, energy and water), producing the same output of the same or higher quality In order to implement clean production, technological processes in enterprises are changed or enhanced by other processes 5 EndEnd--ofof--pipepipe environmental pollution reduction ttechnologiesechnologies Environmental technologies of this group are purification technologies Pollutants are separated as soon as they have been formed, then they are treated before they are re leased into the environment 6 Climate technologies Those technological processes reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere Climate technologies include also clean production technologies and end-of-pipe environmental pollution reduction technologies when they reduce the impact on climate change, as well as those technological processes that reduce greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere. 7 Development of the environmental technologies Development of environmental technologies became quite fast only at the last 50 years Before has been known mainly purification technologies and end-of-pipe environmental pollution reduction technologies 8 EEcoco--efficiencyefficiency economy of raw reduction of materials and emissions and waste energy eco-efficiency reduction of improvement of environment- negative the quality of friendly impact on the water, air and products environment soil and climate during the life cycle 9 CCONCEPTONCEPTIONION FOR POLLUTION REDUCTION Environmental pollution reduction measures can be ranked according to their priority. The first stage includes the identification and classification of environmental pollution types and their impact. 10 CCLEANERLEANER PRODUCTION Cleaner production is a gradual approximation of the actual production to clean production The simplest way to implement cleaner production in an enterprise is to use the best available technology. The best technologies for almost all industry sectors are available to producers in the EU. Cleaner production scheme Products are called environment-friendly if the impact on the environment and natural resource consumption is minimal during the process of their production, use and discharge into the waste flow 11 CLEAN PRODUCTION Clean production can be achieved by implementing the following conditions: minimal use of water, and no wastewater, minimal use of energy, or the use of energy generated during the production process for the production needs, economical use of raw materials, and no waste. A zero-emission production is a technological process or a set of technological processes which uses up 100 % of the raw materials, transforming them into 100 % of the end products 12 EnvironmentEnvironment--friendlyfriendly products Products are called environment-friendly if the impact on the environment and natural resource consumption is minimal during the process of their production, use and discharge into the waste flow. 13 ECO--DESIGNDESIGN The aims of eco-design are to reduce the consumption of resources, to use environment-friendly materials, to optimise the production, distribution and use of the product as well as to ensure proper management at the end of its life cycle, i.e. renewal, recycling or disposal. 14 Environmental pollution reduction technologies It is not easy to decide what is better – either to prevent, eliminate or at least minimise the causes of pollution, or to fight the effects of pollution by purifying the flows of contaminated gas, water and solids already after they have passed the technological process Groups ffoorrthethe environmental pollution reduction technologies: Gas Solid waste purification Water management technologies treatment 15 GAS PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES Depending on the aggregative state of pollutants, gas purification technologies fall into three broad categories: purification of separation of gaseous polluted gas and air separation of liquid substances from technical from dust and droplets from air gas, flue gas and air flows aerosols The choice of the polluted gas purification technology depends on production requirements, which determines the selection of engineering solutions based on the principle of cost optimisation 16 GAS PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES Purification of polluted air from dust and aerosols a – cyclone; b – bag filter; c – wet scrubber; d – electrostatistic precipitator 17 Landfill Gas Purification System 18 Gas Purification --HH22S Removal & Purification for Pipelines 19 Car’s and track’s exhaust emissions Three-way catalytic converter 20 “Three“Three--way”way” catalytic converters • Reduction of nitrogen oxides to nitrogen and oxygen : 2NO x → xO 2 + N 2 • Oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide: 2CO + O 2 → 2CO 2 • Oxidation of un-burnt hydrocarbons to carbon dioxide and water : CxH2x+2 + [(3x+1)/2]O 2 → xCO 2 + (x+1)H 2O Cutaway of a metal-core converter Ceramic-core converter 21 WATER TREATMENT Consumers need water with quite different quality parameters, therefore, water treatment generally falls into three broad categories: ▪ preparation of drinking water, ▪ preparation of technological water for production processes, ▪ wastewater treatment for reuse or to the quality of environment-friendly water before discharge into open bodies of water. 22 WWATERATER TURNOVER IN SOCIETY Water consumption Supply for Wastewater consumers collection Wastewater Water treatment treatment Water source Drainage Indirect use 23 PROCESSING OF DRINKING WATER 1 – adding coagulant; 2 – coagulation; 3 – settling tank; 4 – filter; 5 – disinfection reservoir; 6 – water pumps and supply to a water distribution network PROCESSING OF DRINKING WATER Settling is the process by which Coagulation is precipitation of particulates settle to the bottom suspended particles as they of a liquid and form a sediment. Aeration is the process by which air is circulated increase in size (by any of through, oxidise a several physical or chemical compound dissolved or processes) suspended in water (H 2S, CH 4, NH 3, volatile organic substances) – unpleasant odour and taste are reduced. 25 PROCESSING OF DRINKING WATER Adsorbed molecules Activated carbon Pore Chlorination is the process of adding the element chlorine to water as a method of For water purification from water purification to make it fit for human dissolved organic substances use consumption as drinking water. Water sorbents activated carbon, purified which has been treated with chlorine is anthracite or hydrophobic synthetic effective in preventing the spread of sorbents waterborne disease 26 14 steps of the quality process Nestlé Waters uses to produce NESTLÉ PURE LIFE in North America 27 WASTEWATER TREATMENT Wastewaters are all polluted waters resulting from human activity Wastewater types: residential industrial precipitation agricultural wastewater wastewater runoff wastewater Wastewater treatment depends on the composition and source of pollutants 28 WASTEWATER TREATMENT 29 WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS Eastern Treatment Plant, Melbourne, Australia 30 WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT ELEMENTS Aeration tank Primary clarifier Filter-settler Anaerobic methane production tanks Final clarifiers 31 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Waste dumpsite in India SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 33 Solid waste Waste is solid substances generated as a result of human activities, and, being no longer of value for the respective economic, physiological or technological process, are removed from it. Solid waste in a broader sense is understood as any household, industrial and agricultural materials that have been used up. The term also denotes such types of waste as ash generated in thermal or electric power plants, sludge from wastewater treatment plants, animal farm waste, gangue rocks from mineral extraction. Solid waste in a broader sense is understood as any household, industrial and agricultural materials that have been used up. Since such waste accumulates in the territories managed by municipalities responsible for its removal and storage, it is termed “municipal solid waste”. 34 Solid waste classification Waste is formed in the processing of natural resources; it can be classified according