Avian Influenza Avian Influenza Edited by David E. Swayne © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN: 978-0-813-82047-7 Avian Influenza Edited by David E. Swayne David E. Swayne, DVM, PhD, Diplomate, American practitioners for any particular patient. The publisher College of Veterinary Pathologists; Diplomate, and the editor make no representations or warranties American College of Poultry Veterinarians, is with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the Laboratory Director at the Southeast Poultry Research contents of this work and specifi cally disclaim all Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. warranties, including without limitation any implied Department of Agriculture, in Athens, Georgia. warranties of fi tness for a particular purpose. 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Neither the publisher nor the editor shall be specifi c clients, is granted by Blackwell Publishing, liable for any damages arising herefrom. provided that the base fee is paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Danvers, MA 01923. For those organizations that Avian infl uenza / edited by David E. Swayne.—1st ed. have been granted a photocopy license by CCC, a p. ; cm. separate system of payments has been arranged. The Includes bibliographical references and index. fee codes for users of the Transactional Reporting ISBN 978-0-8138-2047-7 (alk. paper) Service are ISBN-13: 978-0-8138-2047-7/2008. 1. Avian infl uenza. I. Swayne, David E. [DNLM: 1. Infl uenza in Birds–prevention & First edition, 2008 control. 2. Disease Outbreaks–prevention & control. 3. Infl uenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype– Disclaimer pathogenicity. 4. Infl uenza, Human–prevention & The contents of this work are intended to further control. SF 995.6.I6 A9565 2008] general scientifi c research, understanding, and discussion only and are not intended and should not SF995.6.I6A92 2008 be relied upon as recommending or promoting a 636.5’0896203–dc22 specifi c method, diagnosis, or treatment by 2007039629 The last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Dedication This book is dedicated to the veterinarians and vet- • Richard Slemons, who in 1972 isolated the fi rst erinary scientists who have devoted their careers to infl uenza A virus from a free-living duck, thus the study of infl uenza for the benefi t of avian health. launching a new area of scientifi c investigation Their individual and collective contributions have (i.e., AI ecology in free-living waterfowl) profoundly affected our scientifi c understanding of • Bernard (Barney) C. Easterday, who extensively avian infl uenza (AI) ecological, epidemiological, surveyed wild birds for AI viruses and conducted clinical, virological, pathobiological, and genetic experimental infections in some wild bird features of the disease or virus. The discoveries of species these leaders of the veterinary profession are often • James E. Pearson and Dennis A. Senne, who stan- overlooked, but they have made critical and signifi - dardized diagnostic test protocols for AI viruses cant contributions to the One World, One Health and developed quality reagents for distribution concept of medical science in the area of infl uenza • Benjamin S. Pomeroy and Ray A. Bankowski, biology: who organized the fi rst International Symposium on Avian Infl uenza in 1981 • Edoardo Perroncito, whose astute clinical obser- • David A. Halvorson, who made the fi rst direct vations and microbiological investigations in 1878 epidemiological linkage between free-living lead to the identifi cation of the fi rst cases of highly waterfowl AI viruses and AI virus infections in pathogenic (HP) AI (i.e., fowl plague) and its dif- range-reared domestic turkeys in Minnesota ferentiation from other serious poultry diseases during 1980–1981 such as fowl cholera and fowl typhoid • Robert J. Eckroade, who in 1983 recognized and • Zvonimir Dinter, who diagnosed the fi rst case of described the fi rst clinical occurrence of the muta- low pathogenicity (LP) AI in poultry (chickens) tion of an LPAI virus to an HPAI virus in Germany during 1949 • Yoshihiro Kawaoka, who led the team that discov- • R.V.L. Walker and G.L. Bannister, who diagnosed ered the loss of a carbohydrate group on the hem- the fi rst LPAI case in domestic ducks in Canada agglutinin was responsible for the shift in virulence during 1953 of H5N2 LPAI to HPAI viruses in United States • Werner Shäfer, who discovered fowl plague was during 1983 caused by infl uenza A virus in 1955 • Dennis J. Alexander, who pioneered the holistic • Gerhard Lang, who diagnosed the fi rst LPAI case approach to AI diagnosis and control that resulted in turkeys in Canada during 1963 in rapid adoption of molecular basis for pathoge- • Charles W. Beard, who developed the agar gel nicity determination and the common use of immunodiffusion test for AI that has become sequencing of AI viruses for epidemiological the primary serological surveillance test for purposes gallinaceous poultry since its development in • Max Brugh, who developed the fi rst laboratory 1970 system to produce and study HP derivatives from • Rudolph Rott, who led the research team that H5 and H7 LPAI viruses determined in the 1970s that the cleavability of the • Michael L. Perdue, who discovered the mecha- hemagglutinin protein was the major determinate nism for insertions of extra codons in the hemag- of infl uenza A virus virulence in chickens glutinin proteolytic cleavage site v Table of Contents Contributors List ix Foreword xiii Preface xv 1. Infl uenza A Virus 3 David L. Suarez 2. Molecular Determinants of Pathogenicity for Avian Infl uenza Viruses 23 Michael L. Perdue 3. Ecology of Avian Infl uenza in Wild Birds 43 David E. Stallknecht and Justin D. Brown 4. Epidemiology of Avian Infl uenza in Agricultural and Other Man-Made Systems 59 David E. Swayne 5. Pathobiology of Avian Infl uenza Virus Infections in Birds and Mammals 87 David E. Swayne and Mary Pantin-Jackwood Color Plate Section 6. The Global Nature of Avian Infl uenza 123 David E. Swayne 7. The Beginning and Spread of Fowl Plague (H7 High Pathogenicity Avian Infl uenza) Across Europe and Asia (1878–1955) 145 Erhard F. Kaleta and Catherine P. A. Rülke 8. High Pathogenicity Avian Infl uenza in the Americas 191 David E. Swayne 9. Highly Pathogenic Avian Infl uenza Outbreaks in Europe, Asia, and Africa Since 1959, Excluding the Asian H5N1 Virus Outbreaks 217 Dennis J. Alexander, Ilaria Capua, and Guus Koch 10. Avian Infl uenza in Australia 239 Leslie D. Sims and Andrew J. Turner 11. Multicontinental Epidemic of H5N1 HPAI Virus (1996–2007) 251 Leslie D. Sims and Ian H. Brown 12. Avian Infl uenza Control Strategies 287 David E. Swayne 13. Avian Infl uenza Diagnostics and Surveillance Methods 299 Erica Spackman, David L. Suarez, and Dennis A. Senne 14. Mass Depopulation as an Effective Measure for Disease Control Purposes 309 Elizabeth A. Krushinskie, Martin Smeltzer, Patrice Klein, and Harm Kiezenbrink vii viii Contents 15. Methods for Disposal of Poultry Carcasses 333 Boris Brglez and John Hahn 16. Farm and Regional Biosecurity Practices 353 Carol J. Cardona 17. Farm Biosecurity Risk Assessment and Audits 369 David Shapiro and Bruce Stewart-Brown 18. Methods for Inactivation of Avian Infl uenza Virus in the Environment 391 Nathan G. Birnbaum and Bethany O’Brien 19. Vaccines, Vaccination, and Immunology for Avian Infl uenza Viruses in Poultry 407 David E. Swayne and Darrell R. Kapczynski 20. Public Health Implications of Avian Infl uenza Viruses 453 Nancy J. Cox and Timothy M. Uyeki 21. The Role of Educational Programs in the Control of Avian Infl uenza 485 Nathaniel L. Tablante 22. Trade and Food Safety Aspects for Avian Infl uenza Viruses 499 David E. Swayne and Colleen Thomas 23. Control of Low Pathogenicity Avian Infl uenza 513 David A. Halvorson 24. The Economics of Avian Infl uenza 537 Anni McLeod 25. Global Strategy for Highly Pathogenic Avian Infl uenza: Progressive Control and Eradication, and Postoutbreak Recovery 561 Juan Lubroth, Subhash Morzaria, and Alejandro B. Thiermann Index 587 Contributors List Dennis J. Alexander (retired) Carol J. Cardona Virology Department Veterinary Medicine Extension VLA Weybridge School of Veterinary Medicine Woodham Lane, Addlestone University of California, Davis Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom Davis, California 95616, USA Nathan G.