Guidelines for the Capture and Management of Digital Zoological Names Information Francisco W. Welter-Schultes Version 1.1 March 2013 Suggested citation: Welter-Schultes, F.W. (2012). Guidelines for the capture and management of digital zoological names information. Version 1.1 released on March 2013. Copenhagen: Global Biodiversity Information Facility, 126 pp, ISBN: 87-92020-44-5, accessible online at http://www.gbif.org/orc/?doc_id=2784. ISBN: 87-92020-44-5 (10 digits), 978-87-92020-44-4 (13 digits). Persistent URI: http://www.gbif.org/orc/?doc_id=2784. Language: English. Copyright © F. W. Welter-Schultes & Global Biodiversity Information Facility, 2012. Disclaimer: The information, ideas, and opinions presented in this publication are those of the author and do not represent those of GBIF. License: This document is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0. Document Control: Version Description Date of release Author(s) 0.1 First complete draft. January 2012 F. W. Welter- Schultes 0.2 Document re-structured to improve February 2012 F. W. Welter- usability. Available for public Schultes & A. review. González-Talaván 1.0 First public version of the June 2012 F. W. Welter- document. Schultes 1.1 Minor editions March 2013 F. W. Welter- Schultes Cover Credit: GBIF Secretariat, 2012. Image by Levi Szekeres (Romania), obtained by stock.xchng (http://www.sxc.hu/photo/1389360). March 2013 ii Guidelines for the management of digital zoological names information Version 1.1 Table of Contents How to use this book ......................................................................... 1 SECTION I 1. Introduction ................................................................................ 2 1.1. Identifiers and the role of Linnean names ......................................... 2 1.1.1 Identifiers ................................................................................... 2 1.1.2 Taxon concept models .................................................................... 3 1.1.3 How unique is a zoological name? ....................................................... 5 1.1.4 The problem of variant spellings of Linnean names .................................. 6 1.2 Biological background: What are zoological species, genera, families, higher groups? ........................................................................................ 6 1.3 Differences between zoology and botany ........................................... 7 1.4 How zoological names are formed ................................................... 8 1.4.1 Difference between nomenclature and taxonomy .................................... 8 1.4.2 Latin script and character encoding .................................................... 9 1.4.3 Binominal and polynominal names ...................................................... 9 1.4.4 Original and current combination of species .......................................... 10 1.4.5 Taxonomic ranks: hierarchy of names ................................................. 12 1.4.6 Derivation of names ...................................................................... 16 1.5 Some general notes about the ICZN Code and official zoological bodies .... 16 1.5.1 The nature of the ICZN Code ............................................................ 16 1.5.2 Limits of acceptance in the community ............................................... 17 1.6 The spirit of zoological nomenclature, basic rules of the ICZN Code ......... 18 2. Best practices and recommendations in the handling of taxonomic and nomenclatural data ......................................................................... 20 2.1 How to cite the original spelling and the original combination ................ 20 2.2 Stability and occasional change of genus-species names ....................... 22 2.3 Taxonomy or nomenclature: why do names change? ............................ 23 2.4 When should a name be changed? Best practice guide for changing names or not ........................................................................................... 24 2.5 Brief recommendations for establishing new names ............................ 25 3. Best practice guide for spellings of taxon name author strings ................ 28 March 2013 iii Guidelines for the management of digital zoological names information Version 1.1 SECTION II 4. Verifying the correctness of a name: how to find and cite the original name ................................................................................................. 30 4.1 How to find published work ......................................................... 31 4.1.1 Technical preconditions: printed paper ............................................... 31 4.1.2 Helpful resources to find original publications ....................................... 32 4.2 Best practice guide to cite zoological literature ................................. 33 4.2.1 Differences between monographs, journal articles and articles in monographic works ............................................................................................... 34 4.2.2 Name of the author(s) of a publication ................................................ 35 4.2.3 Year of publication ....................................................................... 40 4.2.4 Title of the work .......................................................................... 41 4.2.5 Journal titles .............................................................................. 45 4.2.6 Page numbers, plate numbers .......................................................... 47 4.2.7 Locality of publication and publisher .................................................. 49 5. Is the name available? .................................................................. 50 5.1 Published and unpublished work ................................................... 50 5.2 Did the author apply binominal nomenclature? .................................. 52 5.2.1 Style of the work .......................................................................... 52 5.2.2 Use of non-binominal names ............................................................ 53 5.3 "Used as valid" when proposed...................................................... 54 5.3.1 Names cited in pure documentations of other sources .............................. 55 5.3.2 Alternate names for the same taxon ................................................... 55 5.3.3 Unclear and conditional classifications ................................................ 56 5.4 Was the name new when proposed? ............................................... 56 5.4.1 Sensu names ............................................................................... 57 5.4.2 Deliberate misidentifications ........................................................... 58 5.5 The frame within which a name can be spelled ................................. 58 5.6 Special requirements for availability .............................................. 60 5.6.1 Requirements for genera ................................................................ 60 5.6.2 Requirements for species ................................................................ 60 6. Can the name be used? ................................................................. 64 6.1 Available names which cannot be used ........................................... 64 6.1.1 Homonyms ................................................................................. 64 6.1.2 Synonyms ................................................................................... 66 6.1.3 Names rejected under Art. 23.9 ........................................................ 67 March 2013 iv Guidelines for the management of digital zoological names information Version 1.1 6.1.4 Names suppressed by the Commission ................................................. 67 6.2 Unavailable names which can be used ............................................ 68 6.2.1 Art. 11.6: validated synonyms .......................................................... 68 7. Special chapter: new replacement names .......................................... 70 8. How is the name correctly spelled? .................................................. 74 8.1 The names of genus and species ................................................... 74 8.1.1 Incorrect original spellings that must be corrected .................................. 74 8.1.2 Names that must not be corrected ..................................................... 79 8.1.3 Selection procedure between two equivalent original spellings ................... 82 8.1.4 Treatment of subsequently modified spellings of names ........................... 82 8.1.5 Prevailing usage ........................................................................... 84 8.1.6 Gender agreement ........................................................................ 86 8.2 The name of the author ............................................................. 93 8.2.1 How to determine who is the author ................................................... 94 8.2.2 Spelling of the author .................................................................... 99 8.3 The correct year in a name ........................................................ 108 9. Types, type designations, type locality ........................................... 111 9.1 Type species of genera ............................................................. 111 9.1.1 How to determine the type species. ................................................. 111 9.2 Types of