JOINT h... PBLLUllON STUDY OF - - -. -I Sf. CLAlR - DEL5.T - R I...,.. S r17 --I- I *-I- I -11111a-1-m INT- --- -- - - - - - - 11 J--_-- C - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 CANADA r"3 THE UNITED STATES L 1 JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY OF ST. CLAIR-DETROIT RIVER AREAS FOR INTERNATIONAL JOINT COMMISSION CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES Conducted by the St. Clair-Detroit Air Pollution Board and Cooperating Agencies INTERNATIONAL JOINT COMMISSION Ottawa and Washington January 1971 The St. Clair-Detroit Air Pollution Board and its cooperating agencies are responsible for the contents of this report. The Board expresses gratitude to the Environmental Protection Agency for publication of the report. Copies of this report may be obtained upon request, as supplies permit, from: International Joint Commission 15 1 Slater Street Ottawa 4, Ontario, Canada International Joint Commission 1711 New York Avenue, N. W. Washington, D. C. 20440, U.S.A. ST. CLAlR -. DETROIT AIR POLLUTION BOARD Canada United States W. B. Drowley, Chairman J. C. Oppenheirner, Chairman P. M. Bird B. D. Bloomfield J. L. Sullivan, Secretary D. R. Goodwin, Secretary The Board acknowledges the services of the following individuals who served on the Board during part of the study: T. H. Patterson, Former Chairman, Canadian Section A. C. Stern, Former Chairman, United States Section R. E. Neligan, Former Secretary, United States Section The Board also acknowledges the assistance given by the following individuals who served on Advisory Committees: COMMITTEE ON TRANSBOUNDARY FLOW OF AIR POLLUTION E. W. Hewson, Chairman, Oregon State University (United States) R. E. Munn, Department of Transport (Canada) G. T. Csanady, University of Waterloo (Canada) J. B. Harrington, Michigan State University (United States) COMMllTEE ON SOURCES AND THEIR CONTROL E. R. Balden, Chairman, Chysler Corporation (United States) R. M. Dillon, University of Western Ontario (Canada) A. C. Elliqtt, Steel Company of Canada (Canada) R. L. Broad, Rochester and Pittsburgh Company of Canada (Canada) J. Hunter, Wyandotte Chemical Company (United States) S. Ozker, Detroit Edison Company (United States) COMMITTEE ON EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION A. J. de Villiers, Chairman, Department of National Health and Welfare(Canada) J. Isbister, Michigan Department of Public Health (United States) A. J. Vorwald, Wayne State University (United States) D. Irish, Dow Chemical.Company (United States) D. 0. Anderson, University of British Columbia (Canada) R. B. Suthe rland, Ontario Department of Health (Canada) S. Linzon, Ontario Department of Energy and Resources Management (Canada) The Board also acknowledges the services of the following individuals who personally contributed to the study: D. D. Tyler, Public Health Service (United States) L. Shenfeld, Department of Energy and Resources Management (Canada) TABLE OF CONTENTS Section LIST OF FIGURES. ............................... LIST OF TABLES ...........................: .... SUMMARY: INVESTIGATIONS, RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. ........................... xiv INVESTIGATIONS. ............................ xiv RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS .....:................ XV Detroit - Windsor Area ......................... xvi Sulfur Dioxide ..................: .......; xvi Particulates .....................'....... xvi Port Huron - Sarnia Area. ...................... xvii Sulfur Dioxide ............................. xvii Particulates .........'........: .......... xvii Odors. ................................xviii Air Quality Standards ............; ........... xvii i RECOMMENDATIONS. ..........'................ xix 1. INTRODUCTION ..............'................ 1-1 1.1 PREVIOUS STUDIES. ....................... 1-2 1.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA. ............. .' ..... 1-3 1.2.1 Topography ..........; ................ 1-4 1.2.2 Demography. .......................... 1-4 1.2. 2. 1 United States - Michigan ............... 1-4 1.2.2.2 Canada - Ontario ............."..... 1-5 1.2.3 Meteorology. ............; ........... 1-5 1.2.3.1 Winds .......................... 1-5 1.2. 3.2 Atmospheric Stability .........: ...... 1-8 1.2.3. 3 Other Meteorological Factors. ............ 1-13 1.3 AIR QUALITY SURVEY DESIGN. ..................... 1-15 1.3.1 Design Considerations ..:......:......... 1-15 1.3.2 Emissions Inventory ..................... 1-16 1.3.3 Meteorological Observations ................. 1-16 1. 3.4 Special Studies on Effects .........'.......... 1-17 1.3.5 Summary of Project Design ..'..............,.. 1-17 . I 1.4 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 1. ............'..... 1-28 2. AIR QUALITY OF THE PORT HURON SARNIA AND'DETROIT - - . WINDSOR AREAS,. .............................. 2.1 SUSPENDED PARTICULATES. ....... ; ......'.... , . 2. 1. 1 Air Quality Criteria .....'.' ........:..... 2.1.2 Measured Air Quality .................... 2. 1.2.1 High-Volume Samplers ........:.......... 2. 1.2.2 Suspended Particulates - Soiling Index.. ....... 2. 1.2.3 Suspended Metals .............:.... 2. 1.2.4 Benzo(a)pyrene .'. ............... - .... 2. 1.2.5 Fluorides ...............:....... '2.2.DUSTFALL.. ................................ 2.2. 1 Air Quality Criteria ..................... 2.2.2 Measured Dustfall ...................... 2.2.2.1 Port Huron - Sarnia Area .............. 2.2.2.2 Detroit .Windsor Area................ 2.3 SULFUR DIOXIDE .......................... 2.3. 1 Air Quality Criteria ..................... 2.3.2 Measured Air Quality .................... 2 . 3.2.1 Sulfur Dioxide Measurements............. 2 . 3.2.2 Sulfation Rate Measurements ............. 2.4 HYDROGENSULFIDE ........................ 2.4.1 Port Huron - Sarnia Area .................. 2.4.2 Detroit - Windsor Area ................... 2.5 CARBONMONOXIDE ........................ 2.5. 1 Air Quality Criteria ..................... 2.5.2 Measured Carbon Monoxide ................. 2.6 HYDROCARBONS .......................... 2.6. 1 Air Quality Criteria ..................... 2.6.2 Measured Hydrocarbons ................... 2.6.2.1 Port Huron - Sarnia Area .............. 2.6.2.2 Detroit - Windsor Area................ 2.7 OXIDANTS.............................. 2.7. 1 Air Quality Criteria ..................... 2.7.2 Measured Oxidants ...................... 2.7.2.1 Port Huron - Sarnia Area .............. 2.7.2.2 Detroit - Winds or................... 2.8 NITROGEN OXLDES ......................... 2.8.1 Air Quality Criteria ..................... 2.8.2 Nitrogen Oxide Measurements ................ 2.8.2.1 Port Huron - Sarnia Area .............. 2.8.2.2 Detroit .Windsor Area................ 2.9 ODORS................................. 2.9. 1 Air Quality Criteria ..................... 2.9.2 Odor Survey ......................... 2 . 9.2.1 Port Huron - Marysville Sector ........... 2 . 9.2.2 Marine City Sector .................. 2.10 EFFECTS ON MATERIALS ..................... 2.10. 1 Metal Corrosion ...................... 2.10.2 Color Fading of Dyed Fabrics ............... 2.10.3 Silver Tarnishing ...................... 2 . 10.4 Nylon Deterioration ..................... 2.10.5 Rubber Deterioration .................... 2.10.6 Summary .......................... 2.11 EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION .................. 2 . 11. 1 Selective Vegetation Study ................. 2.11.1.1 Methodology ..................... 2.11.1.2 Results ........................ 2.11.2 Summary .......................... 2.12 VISIBILITY ............................. 2.13 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 2 .................. EMISSIONS INVENTORY ......................... 3.1 PROCEDURE ............................ 3.2 RESULTS OF EMISSIONS SURVEY ................. 3.2.1 Port Huron - Sarnia Area .................. 3.2.2 Detroit .Windsor Area .................... 3.3 FUEL COMBUSTION AT STATIONARY SOURCES.......... 3.4 FUEL COMBUSTION IN MOBILE SOURCES ............. 3.5 REFUSE DISPOSAL.......................... 3.6 PROCESS AND SOLVENT LOSSES .................. 3.7 POINT SOURCES ........................... 3.8 EMISSION CHANGES BETWEEN 1967 AND 197 1 .......... 4 . TRANSBOUNDARY FLOW OF AIR POLLUTANTS ............. 4.1 POLLUTION ROSES ......................... 4.2 DISPERSION MODEL ESTIMATES .................. 4.2.1 Application of Dispersion Model ............... 4.2.2 Estimates of Pollutant Concentrations Due to Transboundary Flow ............................. 4.3 TRANSBOUNDARY FLUX MEASUREMENTS ............ 4.4 CASE STUDIES OF MEASURED HIGH POLLUTANT CONCENTRATIONS ......................... 4.4.1 CaseNo. 1 .......................... 4.4.2 Case No . 2 .......................... 4.4.3 Case No . 3 .......................... 4.4.4 Case No . 4 .......................... 4.5 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 4 ................... 5 . CONTROL AGENCY ACTIVITIES ..................... 5.1 INTRODUCTION ........................... 5.2 ONTARIO AIR POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAM ......... 5.2.1 Air Pollution Control Act of 1967 ............... 5.2.2 Administration of the Act ................... 5.2.3 Control Requirements ..................... 5.2.4 Air Quality and Meteorological Monitoring .......... 5.3 MICHIGAN AIR POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAM ......... 5.3.1 Legal Basis .......................... 5.3.2 Organization .......................... 5.3.3 Activities. : .......................... 5.3.3.1 Plant Visits ....................... 5 .3 . 3.2 Investigation of Complaints .............. 5 . 3. 3.3 Cooperative Work Efforts with Local Air Pollution Contr 01 Agencies ................... 5.3.3.4 Source Sampling .................... 5 . 3. 3.5 Community Air Pollution Studies ........... 5 . 3. 3.6 Emission Inventories .................. 5.3.3.7 Permit