Second Cycle Degree programme in Language Sciences (D.M. 270/2004) Final Thesis A COMMENTED TRANSLATION OF “THET FRESKE RIIM”: THE MYTH OF FRISIAN LIBERTY BETWEEN THEORY AND PRACTICE. Supervisor Ch. Prof. Marina Buzzoni Assistant supervisor Ch. Prof. Massimiliano Bampi Graduand Angela Introini Matriculation Number 866176 Academic Year 2017 / 2018 INDEX Chapter 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................. 1 Chapter 2. Translation Studies: history, theories and debate ............................................................. 5 2.1. A general view on DTS ..........................................................................................................................................................5 2.2 Notions, approaches and general issues .......................................................................................................................8 2.2.1 Full equivalence and transposition ...................................................................................................................8 2.2. ..............................................................................................................................9 2.2.23 Nida’sDecoding equivalence and recoding and ........................................................................................................................................effect 10 2.2.4 Untranslatability ..................................................................................................................................................... 11 2.3. Specific issues of literary and poetry translation ................................................................................................. 13 2.3.1 Historical distance.................................................................................................................................................. 14 2.3.2 Meter, rhythm and rhyme .................................................................................................................................. 15 2.3.3 Context-related significance: words and symbols .................................................................................. 16 2.4. Ethical implications and responsibility of translation ....................................................................................... 19 2.5. Observations about the Riim and translation choices ........................................................................................ 23 2.5.1 Form and style ......................................................................................................................................................... 23 2.5.2 Lexical choices and untranslatable items ................................................................................................... 25 2.5.3 Cultural-specific elements and historical gap ........................................................................................... 26 2.6. Final remarks ........................................................................................................................................................................ 27 Chapter 3. Methods for Descriptive Translation in Thet Freske Riim ........................................................... 29 3.1. Requirement of methodology in translational practice ..................................................................................... 29 3.1.1 Source- vs target-oriented approach ............................................................................................................ 30 3.1.2 Interpretation of messages and deviant behaviours ............................................................................. 32 3.1.3 Discovery and justification: a decisional process ................................................................................... 34 3.2. Shifts ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 37 3.2.1 Inevitability and types of shifts ....................................................................................................................... 37 3.2.2 The problem of metaphors ................................................................................................................................ 38 3.3. Textual approaches and comprehensive strategies for translation ............................................................ 41 3.4. Segmentation and coupled pair replacement ......................................................................................................... 44 3.5. Contextualization ................................................................................................................................................................. 46 Chapter 4. Peculiarities of translating Medieval literature................................................................................. 51 4.1. Issues of Medieval literature ........................................................................................................................................... 51 4.2. Modern translation and ancient literature .............................................................................................................. 53 4.3. Contextual aspects and historical references in Thet Freske Riim ................................................................ 55 4.3.1 The sources................................................................................................................................................................ 57 4.3. ....................... 59 4.3.32 MagnusSaint Willibrord and the falseand the privileges: Christianization a comparison ................................................................................................... between history and legend 61 Chapter 5. Descriptive analysis and commentary on Thet Freske Riim ....................................................... 67 5.1. Formulaic language ............................................................................................................................................................. 68 5.1.1 Speech Formulas: opening and conclusion lines, openbare and weder ........................................ 68 5.1.2 Transition Formulas.............................................................................................................................................. 73 5.2. Patterned and recurrent expressions ........................................................................................................................ 75 5.2.1 The evil wife, Magnus and the King of Heavens ....................................................................................... 76 5.2.2 Alle thio wralde scolde voergan ........................................................................................................................ 77 5.2.3 Ho hit mi erme scil forgan ................................................................................................................................... 78 5.2.4 Een rad thet se nomen ........................................................................................................................................... 80 5.3. The Legend of Noah and the Devil (vv. 1-464) ................................................................................................... 81 5.3.1. Close analysis of motifs....................................................................................................................................... 85 5.3.2. The devil blows a hole ......................................................................................................................................... 85 5.3.3. The wife with no name ....................................................................................................................................... 88 5.3.4. The three stars: a metaphorical sequence................................................................................................. 88 5.3.5. Disagreement of pronouns: from inclusive to external reference ................................................. 93 5.3.6. ................................................................................................................................................... 94 Ham’s damnation 5.4. The Frisian Rhyme (vv. 465-988) .............................................................................................................................. 97 5.4.1. The Frisian migration ......................................................................................................................................... 98 5.4.2. Frisians arrive to Ybernia .................................................................................................................................. 98 5.4.3 Culture-related concepts: aindom and pand........................................................................................... 100 5.4.4. Magnus, the courteous knight ..................................................................................................................... 104 5.4.5. Replacement of conjunctions and syntactic relationships ............................................................. 105 5.4.6. Emphatic expressions, sayings and interjections ..............................................................................