TÁMOP-4.1.1.C-12/1/KONV-2012-0012 ZÖLD ENERGIA FELSŐOKTATÁSI EGYÜTTMŰKÖDÉS Applied Environmental Geology Applied Environmental Geology Author Halász Amadé Professional reviewer: Konrád Gyula Language reviewer: Kovács János 30 January 2015 Publisher University of Pécs Publisher PTE• Pécs, 2015 © author, 2015 ISBN 978-963-642-726-9 TÁMOP-4.1.1.C-12/1/KONV-2012-0012 ZÖLD ENERGIA FELSŐOKTATÁSI EGYÜTTMŰKÖDÉS Contents 1. INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................... 6 2. PROTECTION OF THE SOCIETY FROM GEOLOGIC HAZARDS ...................................................................... 7 2.1. GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES ............................................................................................................................... 8 2 2.1.1. Volcanic Activity .............................................................................................................................. 8 2.1.2. Earthquakes .................................................................................................................................. 12 2.2. SURFACE PROCESSES ................................................................................................................................... 13 2.2.1. Mass Movements and Landslides .................................................................................................. 13 2.2.2. Glaciers and Glaciation ................................................................................................................. 15 2.2.3. Weathering and Erosion ................................................................................................................ 16 3. MODIFICATION OF NATURE BY SOCIETY ............................................................................................... 18 3.1. MINING ................................................................................................................................................... 18 3.2. INDUSTRY ................................................................................................................................................. 20 4. WASTE MANAGEMENT AND WASTE DISPOSAL ..................................................................................... 21 4.1. VULNERABLE OBJECTS ................................................................................................................................. 22 4.1.1. Groundwater ................................................................................................................................. 22 4.1.2. Soils ............................................................................................................................................... 23 4.1.3. Geoheritage ................................................................................................................................... 24 4.2. SOLVING THE CONTAMINATION ISSUE BY USING RAW MATERIALS ....................................................................... 27 4.2.1. Clays .............................................................................................................................................. 28 4.2.2. Talc ................................................................................................................................................ 29 4.2.3. Asbestos ........................................................................................................................................ 29 4.2.4. Industrial Sand ............................................................................................................................... 29 4.2.5. Bentonite ....................................................................................................................................... 29 4.2.6. Zeolite ............................................................................................................................................ 30 4.2.7. Diatomite ....................................................................................................................................... 31 4.2.8. Alginite .......................................................................................................................................... 32 4.2.9. Perlite ............................................................................................................................................ 32 5. CASE STUDIES ...................................................................................................................................... 33 5.1. RADIOACTIVE WASTE DISPOSAL .................................................................................................................... 33 5.1.1. Disposal of Low and Intermediate Level Radioactive Waste (Ófalu; Bátaapáti, Mórágy Granite) 35 5.1.2. Disposal of High Level Radioactive Waste (W-Mecsek, Boda Claystone) ...................................... 37 5.2. RECLAMATION AND CONTAMINATED LAND SITE INVESTIGATION .......................................................................... 40 5.2.1. Water and Soil Contamination Caused by Industrial Activities (Nagymányok area) .................... 42 5.2.2. Reclamation of the Former Uranium Ore Mining Sites ................................................................. 45 5.2.3. Reclamation of the Former Coal Mining Sites ............................................................................... 47 5.2.4. Case Study at Garé Former Waste Disposal Site ........................................................................... 50 6. APPLIED METHODS IN ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY .............................................................................. 52 6.1. HEALTH AND SAFETY REGULATIONS ............................................................................................................... 53 6.2. SITE INVESTIGATION.................................................................................................................................... 54 6.3. FIELD METHODS ........................................................................................................................................ 55 6.3.1. Sub/Surface Exploration (drilling, trial pitting, geophysics) .......................................................... 56 6.3.2. Sampling ........................................................................................................................................ 64 6.3.3. Field Hydrogeology ........................................................................................................................ 65 6.3.4. Field Description of Rocks and Soils ............................................................................................... 71 6.3.5. Laboratory Testing ........................................................................................................................ 83 6.3.6. Basic Field Instrumentation for Site Investigation ......................................................................... 85 6.4. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGICAL MAPPING ....................................................................................................... 86 TÁMOP-4.1.1.C-12/1/KONV-2012-0012 ZÖLD ENERGIA FELSŐOKTATÁSI EGYÜTTMŰKÖDÉS 6.4.1. Applied Geological Maps ............................................................................................................... 87 6.4.2. Interpretation of Photographs ...................................................................................................... 89 7. SKILLS .................................................................................................................................................. 91 7.1. GENERIC SKILLS.......................................................................................................................................... 91 7.2. AWARD SPECIFIC SKILLS ............................................................................................................................... 92 7.3. TRANSFERABLE SKILLS /REPORT WRITING ....................................................................................................... 93 7.4. FIND A JOB ............................................................................................................................................... 95 8. ACKNOWLEDGMENT ............................................................................................................................ 99 3 9. REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING ................................................................................................. 100 10. APPENDIX ...................................................................................................................................... 104 10.1. LIST OF THE MAIN SOURCE OF LAW AND REGULATION ................................................................................. 104 TÁMOP-4.1.1.C-12/1/KONV-2012-0012 ZÖLD ENERGIA FELSŐOKTATÁSI EGYÜTTMŰKÖDÉS List of Figures Figure 1 Spectrum of hazards after Smith (2000) ..................................................................................................................... 7 Figure 2 Volcanic activity and plate-tectonics (USGS) ............................................................................................................. 9 Figure 3 The Volcanic Explosivity Index (USGS) ..................................................................................................................... 10