Christian Geiselmann, Johann Theessen Adult Education and Education Policy nd in Bulgaria (2 edition, 2007) Institute for International Cooperation of the German Adult Education Association (dvv international) Bonn 2007 International Perspectives in Adult Education The reports, studies and materials published in this series aim to further the devel- opment of theory and practice in the work of the Volkshochschulen (VHS) as it re- lates to international aspects of adult education – and vice versa. We hope that by providing access to information and a channel for communication, the series will serve to increase knowledge, deepen insights and improve cooperation in adult edu- cation at an international level. Published by: The Institute for International Cooperation of the German Adult Education Association (dvv international) Editor: Prof.(H) Dr. Heribert Hinzen Editorial Assistant: Gisela Waschek Typesetting: Christo Založnikov Printed by Leppelt Druck + Repro GmbH Opinions expressed in papers published under the names of individual authors do not necessarily reflect those of the publisher and editor. This publication, or parts of it, may by reproduced provided the source is duly cited. The publisher asks to be furnished with copies of any such reproductions. Bibliographic information published by Deutsche Bibliothek. Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at <http://dnb.ddb.de>. ISBN 978-3-88513-797-9 © 2007 dvv international dvv international Obere Wilhelmstraße 32 D-53225 Bonn, Germany Tel.: +49 (0)228 97569-0 Fax: +49 (0)228 97569-55 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: www.dvv-international.de L'viv Czechia Poland Germany Ukraine Slovakia Košice München D e a ub Moldo n Bratislava Wien Austria Debrecen va Budapest Oradea Odessa Graz Cluj-Napoca Hun- gary Slovakia Pécs Venezia Romania Ljubljana Zagreb Novi Sad Croatia Bucureşti Bosnia - Craiova Herzegowina Beograd D Serbia anube Silistra Ruse Sarajevo Vidin Ancona Pleven Varna - Kosovo Montana Monte gro Podgorica ne Bulgaria Burgas Priština Sofija Roma Plovdiv Blagoev- Skopje grad Edirne 2007 Italy Macedonia Istanbul Bari Tirana Thessaloniki Albania mann Geisel n Çanakkale Bursa Greece Turkey © Christia Izmir Palermo Athens Patras Cover picture In the ninth century, the Emperor of Byzantium despatched Christian monks on a mission to the Slavs. Their monastic names were Cyril and Methodius. They were brothers, who had grown up near Thessaloniki, and they therefore knew Slavonic as well as Greek. Cyril had invented a new alphabet that was better suited to the Sla- vonic languages than the Greek or the Latin. Using this alphabet, the missionaries were able to put across the Bible and other sacramental texts in a form that could be understood by the Slavonic tribes, even though this differed considerably from their everyday speech. This form of language is known today as “Old Church Slavonic”. It is closely related to the modern Slavonic languages, especially Bulgarian. Cyril and Methodius are still honoured in Bulgaria as the “apostles of the Slavs”. Their disciples, who sought refuge in the Bulgarian Empire when the mission came to a violent end, created centres of learning there, in which they carried on the Slavonic written cultural tradition begun by Cyril and Methodius. Both young people and adults were taught in these schools, although it would be an anachronism to speak of an early form of adult education. Nonetheless, the part that Cyril and Methodius still play in the Bulgarian consciousness makes them appropriate patrons of adult education and Lifelong learning in that country. The cover picture shows the monument to the two saints outside the National Library in Sofia. In their hands they are holding a roll with the Glagolitic alphabet created by Cyril. Contents Preface....................................................................................................................... 7 Introduction: Adult Education, Peace and Democracy ......................................... 9 1 Looking Back: Adult Education in Bulgaria before 1989 ................................. 27 1.1 The Beginnings .............................................................................................. 27 1.2 Adult Education after the Foundation of the State (1879) .............................. 31 1.3 Adult Education in the People’s Republic....................................................... 34 1.4 Adult Education under Socialism - Summary ................................................. 53 2 The Formal Education System ........................................................................... 57 2.1 Types of Schools............................................................................................ 57 2.2 Legal Bases ................................................................................................... 62 2.3 Government Plans and Programmes ............................................................. 77 2.4 Stages of Education ....................................................................................... 78 2.5 Funding of Education ..................................................................................... 97 2.6 Teachers ...................................................................................................... 101 2.7 School Enrolment and Non-compliance with Compulsory Attendance......... 106 2.8 Quality of Education ..................................................................................... 109 2.9 Some Notes Concerning Higher Education.................................................. 111 2.10 Roma in the Education System .................................................................. 114 2.11 School Education Reform Programme 2006-2015..................................... 125 2.12 Summary (to Education System)................................................................ 139 3 Prerequisites of Adult Education in Bulgaria.................................................. 141 3.1 Legislation.................................................................................................... 141 3.2 Classifications .............................................................................................. 149 3.3 Plans, Strategy, Programmes ...................................................................... 150 3.4 Funding ........................................................................................................ 162 3.5 Authorities and Institutions Involved............................................................. 166 3.6 Needs Assessment ...................................................................................... 173 4 Providers of Non-formal Adult Education ....................................................... 177 4.1 Vocational Gimnázii, Vocational Schools and Vocational Colleges.............. 178 4.2 Institutions of Higher Education.................................................................... 181 4.3 Licensed Vocational Training Centres (CPOs)............................................. 185 4.4 German-Bulgarian Vocational Training Centres........................................... 191 4.5 Employers .................................................................................................... 192 4.6 Trade Unions................................................................................................ 200 4.7 Training in Craft Trades................................................................................202 4.8 “Čitálište” Cultural Centres ........................................................................... 211 4.9 Programmes to Promote Employment ......................................................... 218 4.10 Miscellaneous Associations and Organizations.......................................... 220 4.11 Summary.................................................................................................... 234 5 Users of Adult Education .................................................................................. 237 5.1 Lifelong Learning Activities of Adults............................................................ 237 5.2 Adult Learners in the Formal Education System .......................................... 241 5.3 Adult Learners Participating in Non-formal Education .................................. 244 5.4 Working Age Population and Informal Learning ........................................... 248 5.5 Outcomes of the 2005 Study on Lifelong Learning in Europe ...................... 252 6 Economy, Population and Education............................................................... 255 6.1 Population .................................................................................................... 255 6.2 Educational Attainment ................................................................................ 258 6.3 Economic Development................................................................................ 262 6.4 Labour Market .............................................................................................. 266 6.5 Education and Poverty ................................................................................. 282 6.6 Summary...................................................................................................... 283 Conclusions .......................................................................................................... 285 Appendix...............................................................................................................