Edited with the trial version of Foxit Advanced PDF Editor To remove this notice, visit: www.foxitsoftware.com/shopping Introduction to Production Technologies Study Material f o r Students : Introduction to Production Technologies CAREER OPPORTUNITIES IN MEDIA WORLD Mass communication and Journalism is institutionalized and source specific. Itfunctions through well-organized professionals and has an ever increasing interlace. Mass media has a global availability and it has converted the whole world in to a global village. A qualified journalism professional can take up a job of educating, entertaining, informing, persuading, interpreting, and guiding. Working in print media offers the opportunities to be a news reporter, news presenter, an editor, a feature writer, a photojournalist, etc. Electronic media offers great opportunities of being a news reporter, news editor, newsreader, programme host, interviewer, cameraman, Ediproducer,ted with the trial version of Foxit Advanced PDF Editor director, etc. To remove this notice, visit: www.foxitsoftware.com/shopping Other titles of Mass Communication and Journalism professionals are script writer, production assistant, technical director, floor manager, lighting director, scenic director, coordinator, creative director, advertiser, media planner, media consultant, public relation officer, counselor, front office executive, event manager and others. 2 Introduction to Production Technologies INTRODUCTION The book introduces the students to fundamentals of production technologies. Today media productions are a part of our everyday life. It is all around us. The Post & Pre Production Stages of production technology are discussed in the book. Students of mass communication will also learn about t h e different stages of programme production from scripting to production in this book. Edited with the trial version of Foxit Advanced PDF Editor To remove this notice, visit: www.foxitsoftware.com/shopping 3 : Introduction to Production Technologies INDEX 302 Introduction t o Production Technologies 1.1 T.V & Radio Production, 6-23 1.2 Post & Pre Production Stages, 23-27 1.3 Story Treatment, 2 7 1.4 Scripts 2 8 1.5 Script Layout 3 1 1.6 Budget, 4 1 1.7 Floor Plan 4 6 Edited with the trial version of Foxit Advanced PDF Editor 1.8 Sets, 4T 9o remove this notice, visit: www.foxitsoftware.com/shopping 1.9 Make Up, 5 4 1.10 Costume, 6 1 1.11 Jewellery 6 3 1.12 Television Sound 6 3 1.13 Shooting Schedule 6 5 1.14 Storyboards 6 7 1.15 Post Production 7 0 1.16 Post - Production Editing 7 2 1.17. Crew for Production, 7 7 1.18 Summary 8 1 1.19. Questions for Practice 8 6 1.20. Suggested Reading 8 7 4 : Introduction to Production Technologies SYLLABUS Introduction to Production Technologies T.V & Radio Production, Post & Pre Production Stages, Story Treatment, Scripts, Edited with the trial version of Storyboards, Foxit Advanced PDF Editor To remove this notice, visit: Budget, www.foxitsoftware.com/shopping Floor Plan, Sets, Make up, Costume, Jewellery, Lights, Audio, Shots, Shooting Schedule, Crew for Production, Post Production & Editing. 5 Y Introduction to Production Technologies INTRODUCTION TO PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES OBJECTIVES To learn about production technologies To know different stages of productions Edited with the trial version of Foxit Advanced PDF Editor To know pre and post production stages To remove this notice, visit: www.foxitsoftware.com/shopping 1.1.T.V & RADIO PRODUCTION The Radio Guglielmo Marconi of Italy invented a way to transmit sound without using wires. By 1901, Marconi succeeded in creating a wireless communication link between Europe and North America. In 1906, Lee Forest with John Fleming perfected the ‘audion’ or the vacuum tube, which made clear transmission of voice and music possible. These developments paved the way for the first ever broadcast that took place on Christmas Eve, in 1906 in USA. Later it took ten years of hard work to perfect the radio. Radio established its place very fast in the minds of listeners. Heavy doses of infotainment including music, drama, talk shows, etc supplemented with news made radio popular overnight. Soon radio industry developed wide spreading networks and by the 1930’s radio became prime mass medium. Radio broadcasting was introduced in India by amateur radio clubs in Calcutta, Bombay, Madras and Lahore, though even before the clubs launched their ventures, several experimental broadcasts were conducted in Bombay. Radio programmes may be classified into two broad groups: 6 2 : Introduction to Production Technologies 1.Spoken word programmes, which include news bulletins, talks, discussions, interviews, educational programmes for schools and colleges, specific audience programmes directed at women, children, rural and urban listeners, drama, radio features and documentaries. 2.Music programmes, which include disc jockey programmes, musical performances of all types and variety programmes. Strength of the Radio 1.Radio reaches messages to illiterates, neo-literates and highly educated receivers simultaneously. 2.It is a fairly affordable to be owed by everyone. 3.The want of visual effect is compensated by sound effects, both natural and mechanical and so live effect is moderately high. The quality of Edivoiceted with the trial and version of Foxit Advanced PDF Editor sound makes the communication fairly enjoyable. To remove this notice, visit: 4.Musical sound effect enlivens the communication and oftenwww.foxitsoftware.com/shopping breaks monotony. 5.It has the capacity to deliver instantaneous messages. 6.Radio does not require captivity. Listeners can receive messages even when they are working. Farmer may listen to farm programmes while working in fields, a busy executive may listen to news bulletin even while driving or a housewife may listen to her favorite programme even while working in the kitchen. 7.Radio does not require power line for operation and so people in remote villages devoid of power lines can also receive messages from this medium. 8.Once a transistor radio is purchased, messages flow constantly and no cost is involved for reception of messages. Weakness of the Radio 1.Communication through radio lacks visual component and so does not demonstrate but suggests. 2.Spoken messages are subject to interpretation of listeners according to their imagination, experience and predisposition; hence possibility of misinterpretation is very high. 3.Listeners need lot of imagination and therefore understanding of message depends largely on the characteristics of the receivers. 4.Communication is time limited and presents tiny fragments of topics in a haphazard mosaic. The medium has also limitations because of its audio nature. 7 Introduction to Production Technologies 5.Receivers cannot put off listening parts of message for subsequent listening at their convenience. Future of Radio Radio’s future is a mystery. It is not easy to predict the future of radio. The future of radio would depend on changing regulatory scenarios, technological developments and change of listener’s appeal. Radio’s current localization and specialized programming will continue. Technologically, radio transmission will improve greatly. FM will continue to grow faster and bigger. Radio listeners have indeed grown manifold, and the network is expanding a great deal an now it offers a daily service for many hours transmitting news, comments, songs, music, comedies, thrillers, sports, besides special programmes forEdi tedchildren, with the trial version of Foxit Advanced PDF Editor youth and farmers. One of the best advantages that radio has over otherTo remove media this notice, visit:is that it can serve and entertain an audience, which is otherwise occupied.www.foxitsoftware.com/shopping For example, people can listen to it while working at home, in the fields and factories and even while traveling. Radio Broadcasting Radio Broadcasting is an audio sound broadcasting service, traditionally broadcast through the air as radio waves a form of electromagnetic radiation from a transmitter to an antenna and a thus to a receiving device. Stations can be linked in radio networks to broadcast common programming, either in syndication or simulcast or both. Audio broadcasting also can be done via cable FM, local wire networks, satellite and the Internet. The best known are the AM andFM stations; these include both commercial, public a n d nonprofit varieties as well as student-run campus radio stations and hospital radio stations can be found throughout the developed world. 8 Y : Introduction to Production Technologies How the Radio technology works during the radio transmission: 1.The radio station sends out the analog and digital radio signals, along with a third signal for text data. 2.The digital signal is compressed before being transmitted. 3.The three-layered signal is transmitted from the radio station's upgraded Edited with the trial version of digital transmitter. Foxit Advanced PDF Editor To remove this notice, visit: 4.Multipath interference, causedwww.foxitsoftware.com/shopping by the signal reflecting off of buildings, is ignored by the digital radio, which is able to discern the true signal and ignore interference. 5.Your radio receives the signal and, depending on your equipment, you hear either the digital or analog feed. Although now being eclipsed by internet-distributed radio, there are many stations that broadcast on shortwave bands using AM technology that can be received over thousands of miles especially at night. For example, the BBC has a full schedule transmitted via shortwave. These broadcasts are very sensitive to atmospheric conditions and sunspots. AM stations were the earliest broadcasting stations to be developed. AM refers to amplitude modulation, a mode of broadcasting radio waves by varying the amplitude of the carrier signal in response to the amplitude of the signal to be transmitted. One of the advantages of AM is that its unsophisticated signal can be detected turned into sound with simple equipment. If a signal is strong enough, not even a power source is needed; building an unpowered crystal radio receiver was a common childhood project in the early years of radio.