AIR UNIVERSITY Unofficial United States Guide to the First Additional Protocol to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 THEODORE RICHARD Colonel, USAF Air University Press Curtis E. LeMay Center for Doctrine Development and Education Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama Chief of Staff, U.S. Air Force Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gen David L. Goldfein Names: Richard, Theodore Thomas, author. | Air Commander, Air Education University (U.S.). Press, issuing body. and Training Command Title: Unofficial United States guide to the First Additional Lt Gen Steven L. Kwast Protocol to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 / Theodore Richard. Commander and President, Other titles: Also known as: Unofficial United States Air University guide to the First Protocol Additional to the Geneva Lt Gen Anthony J. Cotton Conventions of 12 August 1949 Description: First edition. | Maxwell AFB, AL : Air Commander, Curtis E. LeMay Center for University Press, [2019] | Includes bibliographical Doctrine Development and Education references and index. Maj Gen Michael D. Rothstein Identifiers: LCCN 2019015312 | ISBN 9781585662920 Subjects: LCSH: Geneva Conventions (1949 August 12). Director, Air University Press Protocols, etc. (1977 June 8)--Handbooks, manuals, etc. | Lt Col Darin M. Gregg Humanitarian law--United States--Handbooks, manuals, etc. | International law and human rights--United States-- Handbooks, manuals, etc. | United States--Military policy-- AIR UNIVERSITY PRESS Handbooks, manuals, etc. | United States--Armed Forces-- Rules and practice. | United States. Department of Project Editor Defense--Rules and practice. Donna Budjenska Classification: LCC KZ6455.2 .R53 2019 | DDC 341.67-- dc23 | SUDOC D 301.26/6-8:G 28 LC record available at Cover Design https://lccn.loc.gov/2019015312 L. Susan Fair Composition and Prepress Production Thomasa Huffstutler The Judge Advocate General’s School Air University Press 600 Chennault Circle, Bldg. 1405 Maxwell AFB, AL 36112-6010 https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/AUPress Published by Air University Press in May 2019 Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/AirUnivPress and Twitter: https://twitter.com/aupress Disclaimer Opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied within are solely those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the Judge Advocate General’s Corps, the Air University, the United States Air Force, the Department of Defense, the Air Education and Training Command, or any other US government agency. Cleared for public release: distribution unlimited. This book and others are available at the AU Press website: https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/AUPress. Dedicated to Ankie Contents Foreword ............................................................. 1 About the Author .................................................... 2 Introduction .......................................................... 3 Preamble ............................................................. 7 PART I GENERAL PROVISIONS Article 1 General principles and scope of application ........ 9 Article 2 Definitions ������������������������������������������� 14 Article 3 Beginning and end of application .................. 15 Article 4 Legal status of the Parties to the conflict .......... 16 Article 5 Appointment of Protecting Powers and of their substitute ��������������������������������������� 16 Article 6 Qualified persons .................................... 19 Article 7 Meetings ............................................. 20 PART II WOUNDED, SICK AND SHIPWRECKED SECTION I: GENERAL PROTECTION Article 8 Terminology ......................................... 21 Article 9 Field of application ................................. 24 Article 10 Protection and care .................................. 25 Article 11 Protection of persons ................................ 26 Article 12 Protection of medical units ������������������������� 29 Article 13 Discontinuance of protection of civilian medical units ........................................ 30 Article 14 Limitations on requisition of civilian medical units �������������������������������������������������� 31 Article 15 Protection of civilian medical and religious personnel ............................................ 32 Article 16 General protection of medical duties ............... 34 iv Article 17 Role of the civilian population and of aid societies .............................................. 34 Article 18 Identification ���������������������������������������� 35 Article 19 Neutral and other States not Parties to the conflict 38 Article 20 Prohibition of reprisals .............................. 38 SECTION II: MEDICAL TRANSPORTATION Article 21 Medical vehicles .................................... 39 Article 22 Hospital ships and coastal rescue craft ............. 39 Article 23 Other medical ships and craft ...................... 41 Article 24 Protection of medical aircraft ....................... 43 Article 25 Medical aircraft in areas not controlled by an adverse Party ........................................ 44 Article 26 Medical aircraft in contact or similar zones ....... 45 Article 27 Medical aircraft in areas controlled by an adverse Party ........................................ 45 Article 28 Restrictions on operations of medical aircraft ..... 47 Article 29 Notifications and agreements concerning medical aircraft ...................................... 48 Article 30 Landing and inspection of medical aircraft ........ 50 Article 31 Neutral or other States not Parties to the conflict .. 52 SECTION III: MISSING AND DEAD PERSONS Article 32 General principle .................................... 54 Article 33 Missing persons ..................................... 55 Article 34 Remains of deceased ................................ 56 PART III METHODS AND MEANS OF WARFARE COMBATANT AND PRISONER-OF-WAR STATUS SECTION I: METHODS AND MEANS OF WARFARE Article 35 Basic rules ........................................... 59 Article 36 New weapons ....................................... 62 v Article 37 Prohibition of perfidy ............................... 62 Article 38 Recognized emblems ............................... 64 Article 39 Emblems of nationality ����������������������������� 65 Article 40 Quarter ............................................... 67 Article 41 Safeguard of an enemy “hors de combat”.......... 67 Article 42 Occupants of aircraft ................................ 69 SECTION II: COMBATANT AND PRISONER-OF-WAR STATUS Article 43 Armed forces ........................................ 70 Article 44 Combatants and prisoners of war ������������������ 71 Article 45 Protection of persons who have taken part in hostilities ......................................... 77 Article 46 Spies ................................................. 79 Article 47 Mercenaries ......................................... 81 PART IV CIVILIAN POPULATION SECTION I: GENERAL PROTECTION AGAINST EFFECTS OF HOSTILITIES CHAPTER I BASIC RULE AND FIELD OF APPLICATION Article 48 Basic rule ............................................ 83 Article 49 Definition of attacks and scope of application ����� 84 CHAPTER II CIVILIANS AND CIVILIAN POPULATION Article 50 Definition of civilians and civilian population .... 85 Article 51 Protection of the civilian population ............... 86 CHAPTER III CIVILIAN OBJECTS Article 52 General protection of civilian objects .............. 98 Article 53 Protection of cultural objects and of places of worship ......................................... 107 Article 54 Protection of objects indispensable to the survival of the civilian population ............... 110 Article 55 Protection of the natural environment ........... 112 vi Article 56 Protection of works and installations containing dangerous forces ...................... 113 CHAPTER IV PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES Article 57 Precautions in attack .............................. 117 Article 58 Precautions against the effects of attacks �������� 129 CHAPTER V LOCALITIES AND ZONES UNDER SPECIAL PROTECTION Article 59 Non-defended localities ........................... 131 Article 60 Demilitarized zones ............................... 135 CHAPTER VI CIVIL DEFENCE Article 61 Definitions and scope ............................. 137 Article 62 General protection ................................ 140 Article 63 Civil defence in occupied territories ............. 141 Article 64 Civilian civil defence organizations of neutral or other States not Parties to the conflict and international co-ordinating organizations ........ 142 Article 65 Cessation of protection ........................... 143 Article 66 Identification �������������������������������������� 144 Article 67 Members of the armed forces and military units assigned to civil defence organizations .... 146 SECTION II: RELIEF IN FAVOUR OF THE CIVILIAN POPULATION Article 68 Field of application ............................... 147 Article 69 Basic needs in occupied territories ............... 148 Article 70 Relief actions ...................................... 148 Article 71 Personnel participating in relief actions ......... 150 SECTION III: TREATMENT OF PERSONS IN THE POWER OF A PARTY TO THE CONFLICT CHAPTER I FIELD OF APPLICATION AND PROTECTION OF PERSONS AND OBJECTS Article 72 Field of application ............................... 151 Article 73 Refugees and stateless persons ................... 151 vii Article 74 Reunion of dispersed families .................... 152 Article 75 Fundamental guarantees .........................