KENYATTA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF SECURITY DIPLOMACY AND PEACE STUDIES DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS CONFLICT AND STRATEGIC STUDIES ANALYSIS OF HATE SPEECH IN PROMOTING INTER-ETHNIC CONFLICT IN NAIROBI COUNTY AND UASIN GISHU COUNTY AFTER GENERAL ELECTIONS IN 2007/8 IN KENYA. CHARLES LWANGA OKATA OBULUTSA A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF SECURITY DIPLOMACY AND PEACE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN PEACE AND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT OF KENYATTA UNIVERSITY NOVEMBER 2020 DECLARATION Declaration by the Student This research project is my original work and has not been submitted for a degree in any other university. Names: Charles Lwanga Okata Obulutsa Signature…………………………………… Date………………………. Registration Number: C50/CTY/PT/21216/2012 Declaration by the Supervisor Signature…………………………………… Date………………………. This research project has been submitted for examination with my approval as the supervisor. Dr. George Maroko i DEDICATION I dedicate this research study to my father Cornelius Obulutsa and my mother Getrude Obulutsa. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I acknowledge the Almighty God for giving me strength and support during this period of my study. His support gave me the needed confidence to complete my research work. My sincere gratitude goes to my supervisor Dr George Maroko who encouraged me constantly to push on with my research study amid very pressuring work assignments. Finally I sincerely thank my wife and children for their patience and support as I committed myself to this research study amid my professional work and family responsibilities. May God bless you all. iii ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS CIPEV Commission of Inquiry into The Post-Election Violence DPP Director of Public Prosecutions. ICC International Criminal Court. NCIC National Commission on Integration and Cohesion. TJRC Truth Justice and Reconciliation Commission KPS Kenya Police Service PEV Post-Election Violence GOK Government of Kenya KANU Kenya African National Union KADU Kenya African Democratic Union KPU Kenya People’s Union FORD Forum for the Restoration of Democracy DP Democratic Party NARC National Alliance Rainbow Coalition ODM Orange Democratic Party PNU Party of National Unity IEBC Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission GEMA Gikuyu, Embu and Meru Association iv DEFINITION OF OPERATIONAL TERMS Hate speech Nasty words uttered by an individual or a group who intend to hurt feelings of others with contempt, hatred, hostility and violence against an individual, persons, a group or community on the basis of ethnicity, religion , race or political affiliation. National Reconciliation: Restoring mutual respect between individuals and persons from different cultural, ethnic, social, economic and religious backgrounds. Prosecute: To arrest and charge a suspect in court on allegation of committing a criminal offence. Peace: the absence of war or conflict in society. A situation of cal m and peace Secutity: Being free from danger, anxiety or fear. Refers also to measures undertaken by the government to prevent attacks. v TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ....................................................................................................................... I DEDICATION .......................................................................................................................... II ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ....................................................................................................... III 1.0 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................ 1 1.1 Statement of the problem ........................................................................................................................... 3 1.2 General Objective of the study ................................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Research Questions ..................................................................................................................................... 4 1.4 Significance of the study. ............................................................................................................................ 4 1.5 Scope of the study. ....................................................................................................................................... 5 1.6 Limitations of the study .............................................................................................................................. 5 1.7Assumptions of the Study ................................................................................................................................ 5 2.0 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................... 7 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 7 2.2 Theoretical Framework ............................................................................................................................ 16 2.3 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ............................................................................................................ 18 3.0 CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ................................................. 19 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ 19 3.1 Research Method ....................................................................................................................................... 19 3.2 Research Design ........................................................................................................................................ 19 3.3 Location of the study ................................................................................................................................. 19 3.4 Target Population ..................................................................................................................................... 20 vi 3.5 Sampling Procedures and techniques ...................................................................................................... 20 3.6 Data collection Methods ........................................................................................................................... 21 3.7 Research instruments ............................................................................................................................... 21 3.8 Pilot Study .................................................................................................................................................. 22 3.9 Reliability ................................................................................................................................................... 22 3.10 Validity .................................................................................................................................................. 22 3.11 Data Analysis Techniques .................................................................................................................... 23 3.12 Ethical Considerations ......................................................................................................................... 23 4.0 CHAPTER FOUR DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS ...................................... 25 4.1 Questionnaire Response Rate ...................................................................................................................... 25 4.2 Demographic Data of Respondents ............................................................................................................. 25 a. Respondents by Gender and Age ............................................................................................................. 26 b. Respondents by Age Group ...................................................................................................................... 27 c. Respondents by Marital Status ................................................................................................................ 28 d. Highest level of education? ....................................................................................................................... 29 e. State of employment .................................................................................................................................. 30 f. Years in current Employment .................................................................................................................. 31 g. Cadre of Staff ............................................................................................................................................ 32 h. PEV was caused by ethnic hostilities ....................................................................................................... 33 i. Ethnic hostilities were caused by incitement .......................................................................................... 34 j. Ethnic incitement was caused by hate speech ......................................................................................... 35 k. Hate speech was the main cause of 2007 PEV ........................................................................................ 36 l. Government response to hate speech was effective ...............................................................................