writers, sources, and strategies Jennifer Campbell, Richard Colby, & Rebekah Shultz Colby Contents Chapter 1: Researching in Context ...................................................................................... 2 Why Do Academic Writing and Research? ..................................................................................... 2 What Defines a Writing Situation or Context? ............................................................................... 4 What is a Discourse Community? ................................................................................................... 5 What are Research Traditions? ....................................................................................................... 6 What Kinds of Writing do Researchers Do? .................................................................................... 7 How Do Context and Research Traditions Shape Research Writing? ............................................. 8 Text-based Research in Law .................................................................................................... 9 Qualitative Research in Education ........................................................................................ 10 Quantitative Research in Medicine ...................................................................................... 10 Mixed Method Research in Business .................................................................................... 11 Writing Projects ............................................................................................................................ 12 Chapter 2: Creating Arguments and Working with Evidence ..................................... 13 How Can We Define and Categorize Arguments? ........................................................................ 15 How Do You Make an Argument through Rhetorical Appeals? ................................................... 17 How is Logical Reasoning Used in Researched Arguments? ................................................ 19 Inductive Reasoning .............................................................................................................. 19 Deductive Reasoning ............................................................................................................ 20 What Evidence Can Be Used to Support Rhetorical Appeals? ...................................................... 23 What is the Difference between Using Data and Making Data? .................................................. 26 How Do You Know What Evidence to Use? .................................................................................. 32 Writing Projects ............................................................................................................................ 33 Chapter 3: Working with Published Sources ................................................................... 34 Why do Scholars Use Previously Published Sources? ................................................................... 35 How Do You Find Source Material? .............................................................................................. 35 How Do You Do Advanced Internet Searching? ................................................................... 36 What are Primary and Secondary Sources? ................................................................................. 37 How Do You Evaluate Published Sources? ................................................................................... 37 What is the Difference between Academic and Non-Academic Sources? ........................... 37 How Do You Know When to Use Academic or Popular Sources? ........................................ 42 How Do You Determine the Research Value of a Source? ................................................... 42 Do You Have to Finish Selecting Sources Before You Start Writing? ................................... 45 How Do You Work with Published Sources? ................................................................................ 46 Managing Source Material .................................................................................................... 46 Reading Purposefully and Taking Notes ............................................................................... 47 How Do You Use Evidence from Sources? .................................................................................... 48 Quotation .............................................................................................................................. 48 Paraphrase ............................................................................................................................ 49 Summary ............................................................................................................................... 50 How Do You Use Published Sources Make Arguments? .............................................................. 50 What Kinds of Writing Use Published Sources? ........................................................................... 54 Meta-Synthesis ..................................................................................................................... 55 Literature Reviews ................................................................................................................ 57 Writing Projects ............................................................................................................................ 59 Chapter 4: Researching Ethically......................................................................................... 60 What is Plagiarism? ....................................................................................................................... 60 What is Common Knowledge? .............................................................................................. 60 Plagiarism in Other Contexts ................................................................................................ 61 How Do You Avoid Plagiarism? ............................................................................................. 62 How Do You Cite a Source? ........................................................................................................... 62 How Do You Quote a Source? ............................................................................................... 62 How Do You Paraphrase a Source? ....................................................................................... 63 How Do You Introduce Sources Effectively? ......................................................................... 65 How Do You Document Your Original Research? ......................................................................... 67 What is Falsification? ............................................................................................................ 68 How Do You Avoid Data Falsification? .................................................................................. 69 What Is Mistreatment Of Research Participants? ................................................................ 70 How Do You Avoid Mistreating Research Participants? ....................................................... 72 Chapter 5: Getting Started: Designing Research Questions and Plans ................... 74 What is a Research Question? ...................................................................................................... 75 How Do You Define a Research Topic? ......................................................................................... 75 How Do You Formulate a Research Question? ............................................................................. 77 How Do You Make a Research Plan? ............................................................................................ 80 Chapter 6: Synthesizing and Applying: Text-based Research .................................... 83 What is Text-Based Research? ...................................................................................................... 83 What is a text? ...................................................................................................................... 84 Where Does Text-based Research Come From? .................................................................. 84 Who Does Text-Based Research? ................................................................................................. 86 What are some Advantages and Disadvantages of Text-Based Research? .................................. 88 How Do Researchers Study Texts? ............................................................................................... 90 What is Analysis? .................................................................................................................. 90 Chapter Project: Step 1 ......................................................................................................... 92 What is Synthesis? ................................................................................................................ 92 What is Interpretation? ........................................................................................................ 94 How Do You Do Text-based Research? ......................................................................................... 99 What is Archival Research? ................................................................................................. 100 How Do You Conduct Archival Research? .........................................................................