THE NORDIC MEDIA AND COLD WAR THE NORDIC MEDIA AND THE COLD WAR The Cold War between the East and West during the period 1945-1991 was a rivalry where the world’s doom constantly emerged as a possible result. It was global and included northern European countries like Sweden, Denmark, Finland and Norway in different ways. Historians are still discussing how Cold War history should be un- derstood in these countries, but they have rarely been concerned about mass media and communications. Meanwhile, many media scholars have neglected the theme entirely. In this book, these two areas of knowledge are combined in new research on the Nordic mass media, and their significance during the Cold War. A number of controversial topics are covered. Nineteen Nordic scholars sheds new light on Nordic print media in all four countries, but also write about radio and the television broadcasting. Extending the traditional Cold War research on media and communication to include sport, magazines for men, political cartoons, and films, the book lays the foundation for Cold War studies to become an integrated interdiscipli- nary field of knowledge, and a more central part of the Nordic media research than Henrik G. (Eds.) Bastiansen & Rolf Werenskjold before – with countless opportunities for exciting new research, with high relevance to world conflicts in our own time. Henrik G. Bastiansen is Professor at Faculty of Media and Journalism, Volda University College, Norway. Rolf Werenskjold is Associate Professor at Faculty of Media and Journalism, Volda University College, Norway. THE NORDIC MEDIA University of Gothenburg Box 713, SE 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden AND THE COLD WAR Telephone +46 31 786 00 00 • Fax + 46 31 786 46 55 E-mail [email protected] NORDICOM www.nordicom.gu.se Edited by ISBN 978-91-87957-15-4 Henrik G. Bastiansen & Rolf Werenskjold 9 789187 957154 NORDICOM 1 NORDICOM’s activities are based on broad and extensive network of contacts and collaboration with members of the research community, media companies, politicians, regulators, teachers, librarians, and so forth, around the world. The activities at Nordicom are characterized by three NORDICOM is an Institution within the Nordic Council of Ministers main working areas. Director and Administration • Media and Communication Research Findings in the Nordic Countries Director: Ingela Wadbring Administration and Sales: Technical Editing and Webmaster: Nordicom publishes a Nordic journal, Nordicom Information, and an English language journal, Telephone: +46 31 786 66 40 Anne Claesson Per Nilsson Nordicom Review (refereed), as well as anthologies and other reports in both Nordic and English Fax: +46 31 786 46 55 Telephone: +46 31 786 12 16 Telephone: +46 31 786 46 54 [email protected] Fax: +46 31 786 46 55 Fax: +46 31 786 46 55 languages. Different research databases concerning, among other things, scientific literature and [email protected] [email protected] ongoing research are updated continuously and are available on the Internet. Nordicom has the character of a hub of Nordic cooperation in media research. Making Nordic research in the field of Field of Activities mass communication and media studies known to colleagues and others outside the region, and Media and Communication Media Trends and The International Clearinghouse weaving and supporting networks of collaboration between the Nordic research communities and Research Media Statistics on Children, Youth and Media colleagues abroad are two prime facets of the Nordicom work. Publications Nordic Media Trends Scientific Coordinator: The documentation services are based on work performed in national documentation centres Ilana Eleá Editor: Ingela Wadbring Nordic Co-ordinator: Eva Harrie Telephone: +46 706 001 788 attached to the universities in Aarhus, Denmark; Tampere, Finland; Reykjavik, Iceland; Bergen, Telephone: +46 31 786 66 40 Telephone: +46 31 786 46 58 Fax: +46 31 786 46 55 Fax: +46 31 786 46 55 Fax: +46 31 786 46 55 Norway; and Göteborg, Sweden. [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Information Co-ordinator: Research Documentation • Trends and Developments in the Media Sectors in the Nordic Countries Catharina Bucht Nordic Co-ordinator: Telephone: +46 31 786 49 53 Nordicom compiles and collates media statistics for the whole of the Nordic region. The statistics, Mogens Vestergaard Kjeldsen Fax: +46 31 786 46 55 together with qualified analyses, are published in the series, Nordic Media Trends, and on the State and University Library [email protected] Victor Albecks Vej 1 homepage. Besides statistics on output and consumption, the statistics provide data on media DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark ownership and the structure of the industries as well as national regulatory legislation. Today, the Telephone: +45 89 46 21 67 Nordic region constitutes a common market in the media sector, and there is a widespread need Fax: +45 89 46 22 20 for impartial, comparable basic data. These services are based on a Nordic network of contributing [email protected] institutions. National Centres Nordicom gives the Nordic countries a common voice in European and international networks and institutions that inform media and cultural policy. At the same time, Nordicom keeps Nordic Nordicom-Denmark Nordicom-Finland Nordicom-Norway Nordicom-Sweden users abreast of developments in the sector outside the region, particularly developments in the State and University Library School of Communication, Department of Information University of Gothenburg European Union and the Council of Europe. Victor Albecks Vej 1 Media and Theatre Science and Media Studies PO Box 713 DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark University of Tampere University of Bergen SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden FI-33014 Tampere, Finland PO Box 7800 Media and Communication NO-5020 Bergen, Norway Media and Communication • Research on Children, Youth and the Media Worldwide Research Media and Communication Research Research Media and Communication At the request of UNESCO, Nordicom started the International Clearinghouse on Children, Youth Mogens Vestergaard Kjeldsen Karin Hellingwerf Research and Media in 1997. The work of the Clearinghouse aims at increasing our knowledge of children, Telephone: +45 89 46 21 67 Eija Poteri Telephone: +46 31 786 19 92 Fax: +45 89 46 22 20 Telephone: +358 50 318 5939 Ragnhild Mølster [email protected] youth and media and, thereby, at providing the basis for relevant decision-making, at contributing to [email protected] [email protected] Telephone: +47 55 58 91 40 constructive public debate and at promoting children’s and young people’s media literacy. It is also Fax: +47 55 58 91 49 Karin Poulsen [email protected] Telephone: +46 31 786 44 19 hoped that the work of the Clearinghouse will stimulate additional research on children, youth and [email protected] media. The Clearinghouse’s activities have as their basis a global network of 1000 or so participants Nordicom-Iceland Director and Media Trends and in more than 125 countries, representing not only the academia, but also, e.g., the media industries, Administration: University of Iceland Media Statistics in Sweden Félagsvísindadeild NORDICOM politics and a broad spectrum of voluntary organizations. IS-101 Reykjavík, Iceland Ulrika Facht University of Gothenburg Telephone: +46 31 786 13 06 In yearbooks, newsletters and survey articles the Clearinghouse has an ambition to broaden PO Box 713, Media and Communication [email protected] SE-405 30 Göteborg and contextualize knowledge about children, young people and media literacy. The Clearinghouse Research Sweden Karin Hellingwerf seeks to bring together and make available insights concerning children’s and young people’s Telephone: +46 31 786 00 00 Guðbjörg Hildur Kolbeins Telephone: +46 31 786 19 92 Telephone: +354 525 42 29 relations with mass media from a variety of perspectives. Fax: +46 31 786 46 55 [email protected] [email protected] Fax: +354 552 68 06 [email protected] Jonas Ohlsson Telephone: +46 31 786 61 25 www.nordicom.gu.se www.nordicom.gu.se [email protected] 1 THE NORDIC MEDIA AND THE COLD WAR THE NORDIC MEDIA AND THE COLD WAR Edited by Henrik G. Bastiansen & Rolf Werenskjold NORDICOM The Nordic Media and the Cold War Henrik G. Bastiansen & Rolf Werenskjold (eds.) © The authors and Nordicom 2015 ISBN 978-91-87957-15-4 Published by: Nordicom University of Gothenburg Box 713 SE 405 30 Göteborg Sweden Cover by: Per Nilsson Picture on front page: “We are the world! We are the children!”, political car- toon by Inge Grødum, published 08.12.1987 in Aftenposten. Printed by: Taberg Media Group AB, Taberg, Sweden, 2015Environmental certification according to ISO 14001I Contents Preface 7 Henrik G. Bastiansen & Rolf Werenskjold Mapping Nordic Media and the Cold War 9 PART ONE: SOVIET INFLUENCE? Chapter 1 Morten Jentoft Radio Moscow – Propaganda from the East – in Norwegian 31 Chapter 2 Raimo Salokangas The Shadow of the Bear. Finnish Broadcasting, National Interest and Self-censorship during the Cold War 67 Chapter 3 Lotta Lounasmeri A Careful Balancing Act. Finnish Culture of Self-censorship in the Cold War 67 Chapter 4 Laura Saarenmaa Political Nonconformity in Finnish Men’s Magazines during the Cold War 101 Chapter 5 Hans Fredrik Dahl The Wallenberg Case as a Cold War Issue 115 Chapter 6 Birgitte Kjos Fonn East-West Conflict, West-West Divide? Western Self-Awareness in a Cold War Dissenter Newspaper 129 PART TWO: SPACE, SPORTS, AND SPIES Chapter 7 Patrik Åker The Space Race in the Swedish Press during the Cold War Era. A Celebration of Transparent Western Television 147 Chapter 8 Peter Dahlén & Tobias Stark Political Resistance on Ice. The 1969 Ice Hockey World Championship in the Swedish and Norwegian Press 167 Chapter 9 Marie Cronqvist Cold War Sweden and the Media. A Historiographical Overview and a Glance Ahead 181 Chapter 10 Paul Bjerke “The Most Disgraceful of All Crimes”.