Of Market-GardenandMelanie TheDutchResistanceandthe OSS StewartBentley on 10 May 1940, the German 10th however,joinedwith the purpose of Army,spearheaded by airborne pretending to collaboratewhile troops,invaded the Netherlands. The remainingloyal to the government- rest of the Wehrmachtforcecommit in-exile.Theirpositionsenabled West1 ted to theoverrunning ofthe them to keep an eye on Dutchcollab executed the MansteinPlan through orators and to influencepolicy Belgium and the ArdennesForest. making and implementation. The On 14 May1940, the Dutchcom Leegsmafamilyprovided a good manderordered a cease-fire.Three example of this tactic.Agardus dayslater, the entireNetherlands was Leegsma, his brother, and theirfather occupied by NaziGermany.2 joined the Nazi-organizedDutch NationalPolice. Thefather had been Theevacuation to in the Guards TheNetherlandsroyalfamily, led by a professionalsoldier Britain of the of the Dutch royal QueenWilhelmina,alongwithsome Regiment Royal Army 4,600Dutchofficers,sailors, sol during the interwaryears. The family and a cadre of family assistedvariousResistance diers, and policemen,staged a Dutch organiza theDutchGovernment tions the Nazi Dunkirk,assisted by remnants of the during occupation. and the entire During the liberation of the Nether wascritical in countrys~avy mer and his chantmarine.Thisevacuation to lands,AgardusLeegsma a brother differentAlliedunits, establishing Britain ofthe royalfamilyand a cadre joined serving as guides and combatants. govermnent-in-exile of the DutchGovernment was criti cal in establishing a government-in- andthe initial exile and the initialintelligence net As the harshness of the occupation works in Holland.Additionally, the inteffigencenetworks grew, so did Dutchunrest and resent to Britain ofNetherlands emigration menttoward the Germans. in Holland. and civiliansfrom all militarypeople IndividualDutchmentook it upon over the Continent and fromover themselves to strikeback.With no 9 seas Dutchpossessionshelpedform centralcommand,thesebraveindi the core of a reconstitutedDutch vidualsbeganrecruitingrelatives, RoyalArmy,Navy, and Air Force. friends, and neighbors into the first Resistanceorganizations. Thedan gerswereexceptionallyhigh: Stirrings of Resistance capturedmembers of the Resistance wereusuallyshot or sent to concen trationcamps.Theprimaryanti-Nazi The initialyears of the Germanoccu activitycameinitiallyfrom the Social pation of Hollandwerecharacterized Democrats and Catholicyouth by the removal ofDutchJewsfrom The DutchCommunists theirhomeland and harsheconomic leagues. beganactivelyresistingafter the and politicalmeasures. TheNazis set Germansinvaded the USSR. up a puppetgovernment at The Hagueheaded by Dr. Seyss-Inquart StewartBentley is a 1996 Maj. and established a DutchNational Members of the Dutchroyalarmed of the Intelli graduate JointMilitary SocialistParty.SomeDutchcitizens forceswho had not escaped to Brit He genceCollege. was an intelligence eagerlyjoined the newpartyandtook ain and had successfullyevaded officer in the US Army. positions in the government.Others, Germancapturesecretlybanded 105 DutchResistance 106 DutchResistance By operatingcovertly andpassively, members of the together and begancollectinginfor telephone was theirprimarymeans of Resistancewereable to mation.Under the leadership ofDr. communication, and theyalways functionwithout usednicknames. In face-to-face JohanStijkel, a Rotterdamlawyer, meet Maj. Gen. H. D. S. Husselman and attractingundue ings,maskswereoftenworn to ensuresecurity. Col. J. P. Boltonorganized a Resis attention. tancegroup ofyoungDutchcitizens. The DutchResistancecommand and With the help of radioexpertCorne controlhierarchy was decentralized lius Drupsteen, theyestablished a 9 and compartmented.Additionally, wirelesslinkwith the BritishSecret the creation of smallgroups by indi IntelligenceService(SIS) and began The BritishMilitaryIntelligence Sec vidualDutchmenwith no outside passinginformation to the Allies. tion 9 (MI-9) was set up to exploit links was widespread.Some of these availableEuropeanResistance net groupsactivities will never be known works and assistAlliedairmenshot Resistanceoperationsconsisted becausemany of theirmemberswere downoverEurope in returning to of and captured and executed by the Ger primarily organizational Britain.MI-9, also known as IS-9, mans.Initially, theyusedleaflets and functions, as well as networking gath infiltratedagents,usually by para undergroundnewspapers as means to eringintelligence on the occupation chute, into occupiedEurope.These enlistnewmembers and raisemoney. forces.Probably the mostheroic and agentswouldlink up with a Resis dangerousaspect ofresistancewas the tance cell and organizeescape-and- and of Netherlands evasionefforts in a particulararea, hiding sheltering TheUndergroundPress after notified the Jews and youngdraft-ageDutchmen usually being by Resistance of the of downed and women otherDutch,collec presence by were airmen. The Undergroundnewspapers help known as onkerduikers agentsbroughtmoney, tively ful, in areaswhere the and false assistthese especially The bestknown maps, papers to (underdivers). telephonelinesweremonitored and airmen. The usualroute was either story is that ofAnneFrank. use of radiotransmitterswas too dan south to Switzerland or to southern gerousbecause of Germandirection- France and then to Spain and findingoperations.Thesenewspa IndividualDutchwerehorrified and Portugal. pers helpedcounterbalanceNazi appalled at the spectacle of their propaganda and the German-con and friends rounded OnesuchMI-9 was Dick neighbors being agent Kragt, trolledmedia.Almost as soon as the who intoHolland in 1943. up and takenaway to an unknown parachuted occupationbegan,anti-Nazileaflets fate. MostDutch who He lost his equipment,including his Jews escaped began to circulate.3Periodphoto radio, but continued on, armedonly captureweresmuggled out of Hol graphsshowsuchanti-Nazi Britain with a Colt.45. He managed to link land to via Belgiumthrough newspapers as DeUnionbeingopenly up with a DutchJewnamedJoop France and then to Spain, or from distributed on city streetsdespite the Piller,living in the town of Emst, and Belgium to France, and then to Swit obviousdanger.4 By 1943,under theybuilt a networkdesigned to hide, zerland. out via the groundnewspapers had attained a Smugglingpeople and protect, eventuallysmuggle collectivecirculation of Dutchcoastwas extremelydanger nearly downedairmen out ofHolland. 500,000.Althoughsomewereama ous, as the Germansincreasingly teurish, theywereeffective. Onesuch fortified the coast in anticipation of paperatranslation and transcrip an Alliedinvasion.Someyoung InitialOperations tion of dailyBBCbroadcastswas Dutchmen andwomen as well as produced by the Leegsmabrothers DutchJews hid throughout the war, By operatingcovertlyand passively, working at TheHague.5 participating in undergroundactivi members of the Resistancewere able ties. The undergroundnetworks to functionwithoutattractingundue Anothernewspaper was also a two- established in this mannerwerelater attention.Thisallowedthem to orga maneffort.Working out of a hotel instrumental in and exfiltrat hiding nize theircells,gauge the German room in Grave,GeraldPeijnenburg Alliedairmenshotdown ing over counterintelligencethreat, and estab and a DutchJew in hidingwrote Holland. lish informationnetworks. The and copiedYoungNetherlands. 107 DutchResistance Bythe middle of 1944, therewerefourmajor Resistance rationfood and Peijnenburghandled the distribu-~- in government to keep organizations the The LO tion, and most of his copieswere tabs on population. madecounterfeit it also passedfromperson to person,provid Holland. coupons; obtainedauthentic from ing somedegree of security.6 coupons 9 loyalNetherlandscitizens in the employ of the DutchNazis.Other conductedraids and robber SlowGrowth groups ies to stealauthenticcouponsfrom of the flat groups maquis.Moreover, governmentagencies.Andsome TheResistancedevelopedslowly for interdicted bodies of terrain, by many Dutchciviliansgave up theirown severalreasons.Because of the Nether and confined water,large small, move coupons to the LO. lands and geographicproximity ment to the establishedrailroads, road cultural ties to Dutch Germany,many networks, and Thesewere eas bridges. Besideskeeping an eye on Dutch col weresympathetic to the ideas ofGer controlled the Germans,who ily by laborators,local LO groupsengaged mannationalism, and a significant establishedcheckpoints to curtailfree in whateverresistance theycould portion of the populationjoined the dom ofmovement.Gasolinewas withoutendangeringthemselves. DutchNaziPartyand even the Wehr scarce, and manyDutchusedbicycles Occasionally, the Leegsmafamily in macht.Therewere also Dutchcivilians for sometimes transportation, riding The Hague was able to use its posi who informed on theirneighbors. the rimsbecause of of on a shortage tion in the policeforce to tip offthe rubber for tires. On the otherhand, LO before the impendingarrest of an TheswiftGerman combined the Germanswere the victory, plagued by onkerduikerwouldoccur. Thefamily with Wilhelminas Resistancesincessant oftele Queen seeming sabotage also was able to funnelgenuinefood abandonment of the Dutch lines and to the popula phone by damage coupons to the LO. tion,disillusioned and embittered railroads. much of Holland.Manywhocollab While the LO maintained a low pro believed that the oratedreally file, the CentralGovernment Germansrepresented the future and MajorResistance FightingGroup (KP) carried out felt that