Feasibility Study for a National Domestic Biogas Programme in Burkina Faso Feasibility Study for a National Domestic Biogas Programme Burkina Faso FINAL DRAFT Published by: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH Name of sector project: Partnerschaften und Netzwerke zur Förderung erneuerbarer und nachhaltiger Energie Coordinated by: Heinz-Peter Mang, Center for Energy and Environmental Protection (CEEP) / GTZ-CIM (Beijing) on behalf of Prof. Dr. Zhao Lixin, Director, Center for Energy and Environmental Protection (CEEP) (Beijing) Contributed by: Elisabeth-Maria Huba (M.A.), World Toilet College (WTC/WTO) (Singapore) Dr. Papa Abdoulaye Fall, GTZ-ecosan (Paris) Dr. Oumar Sanogo, Institut de Recherche en Sciences Appliquées et Technologies (IRSAT) (Ouagadougou) Gombila Kaboré, Institut de Recherche en Sciences Appliquées et Technologies (IRSAT) (Ouagadougou) Patrick Bracken, GTZ-Burkina Faso (Niamey) Eschborn, July 2007 2 Feasibility Study for a National Domestic Biogas Programme Burkina Faso Index List of tables _________________________________________________________ 5 List of figures_________________________________________________________ 6 List of boxes _________________________________________________________ 6 Acknowledgments_____________________________________________________ 7 Résumé (French abstract)_______________________________________________ 8 Executive Summary __________________________________________________ 13 A) Introduction _____________________________________________________ 15 B) Methodology ____________________________________________________ 15 1 Background to Burkina Faso ________________________________________ 16 1.1 General __________________________________________________ 16 1.1.1 Geography ____________________________________________ 16 1.1.2 Climate _______________________________________________ 16 1.2 Society___________________________________________________ 17 1.2.1 Demography ___________________________________________ 17 1.2.2 Political and administrative system __________________________ 19 1.2.3 Economy______________________________________________ 20 1.2.4 Poverty analysis ________________________________________ 22 1.3 Water____________________________________________________ 25 1.3.1 Water resources ________________________________________ 25 1.3.2 Water Sector Services ___________________________________ 26 1.4 Energy___________________________________________________ 26 1.4.1 Energy policies _________________________________________ 27 1.4.2 Electricity from SONABEL_________________________________ 28 1.4.3 Renewable energies _____________________________________ 29 1.5 Agriculture ________________________________________________ 30 1.5.1 Agricultural activities and products __________________________ 30 1.5.2 Fertilizer use ___________________________________________ 31 1.6 Livestock systems __________________________________________ 32 1.7 Natural resources and Environment_____________________________ 33 1.8 Health and sanitation ________________________________________ 34 1.8.1 Health ________________________________________________ 35 1.8.2 Sanitation _____________________________________________ 35 1.8.3 Sustainable Sanitation ___________________________________ 36 2 Biogas in Burkina Faso ____________________________________________ 38 2.1 History ___________________________________________________ 38 2.2 Existing biogas technologies in Burkina Faso _____________________ 39 2.3 Lessons Learned ___________________________________________ 41 3 Feasibility assessment_____________________________________________ 44 3.1 Technical feasibility _________________________________________ 44 3.1.1 Average daily energy demand______________________________ 45 3.1.2 Raw material___________________________________________ 47 3.1.3 Technical description of appropriate biogas plant _______________ 48 3.1.4 Required components and materials_________________________ 52 3.1.5 Quality parameters and methods to test the quality______________ 53 3.1.6 Household appliances____________________________________ 54 3.1.7 Operation and maintenance requirements ____________________ 54 3.1.8 Technical, construction and operation risks____________________ 56 3.2 Financial and economic feasibility ______________________________ 58 3.2.1 Capital requirements & cash flow ___________________________ 59 3.2.2 The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) ___________________ 61 3.2.3 Internal rate of return_____________________________________ 66 3.2.4 Critical risk factors_______________________________________ 70 3.3 Social, environmental and political feasibility ______________________ 71 3 Feasibility Study for a National Domestic Biogas Programme Burkina Faso 3.3.1 Policy: The Millennium Development Goals and biogas __________ 71 3.3.2 Knowledge on and experiences with biogas ___________________ 72 3.3.3 Acceptance of biogas ____________________________________ 73 3.3.4 Acceptance of the attachment of toilets_______________________ 74 3.3.5 Relevant governmental regulations__________________________ 75 3.3.6 Social & environmental risks _______________________________ 75 3.4 Market viability_____________________________________________ 76 3.4.1 Target customers _______________________________________ 79 3.4.2 Needs to be addressed___________________________________ 82 3.4.3 Benefits expected from a biogas plant for potential clients ________ 83 3.4.4 Targeted geographic area_________________________________ 85 3.4.5 Estimated market size & expected sales levels_________________ 91 3.4.6 Competition in the energy & fertilizer market___________________ 93 3.4.7 Critical market risk factors_________________________________ 94 4 Implementation strategies for a National Domestic Biogas Programme in Burkina Faso________________________________________________________ 95 4.1 National programmes and objectives related to NDBP_______________ 95 4.1.1 Environment and climate__________________________________ 96 4.1.2 Energy _______________________________________________ 97 4.1.3 Health, hygiene and sanitation _____________________________ 98 4.1.4 Contribution of a future NDBP______________________________ 98 4.2 Actors in the formal and informal sector related to NDBP ____________ 99 4.3 NDBP – outline ___________________________________________ 100 4.3.1 Programme management & political support__________________ 101 4.3.2 Financing ____________________________________________ 102 4.3.3 Awareness raising and marketing __________________________ 105 4.3.4 Training and private sector promotion _______________________ 107 4.3.5 Standardization and Quality control_________________________ 109 4.3.6 Impacts expected from NDBP_____________________________ 110 5 Conclusions____________________________________________________ 112 4 Feasibility Study for a National Domestic Biogas Programme Burkina Faso List of tables Table 1: Main ethnic groups _________________________________________ 18 Table 2: Religions: development and regional distribution___________________ 18 Table 3: Household size, an example from Poni Province___________________ 18 Table 4: Education level ____________________________________________ 19 Table 5: Price developments_________________________________________ 21 Table 6: Monthly price variation in January 2007__________________________ 21 Table 7: Import-Export-Balance 2005 _________________________________ 22 Table 8: Socio-economic indicators____________________________________ 23 Table 9: Selected indicators of human poverty, situation 2004 _______________ 24 Table 10: GDI compared to the HDI – a measure of gender disparity, situation 2004 ___________________________________________________________ 25 Table 11: Electricity network data _____________________________________ 29 Table 12: Cereal production in tons (x 1000)_____________________________ 30 Table 13: Cotton production _________________________________________ 31 Table 14: Livestock population and annual growth rate - national statistics______ 32 Table 15: Health, water and sanitation indicators _________________________ 35 Table 16: Average energy consumption and costs per year per household (hh) __ 45 Table 17: Average need on household energy/year and energy prices for a rural household with 10 persons ______________________________________ 46 Table 18: Energy services compared between currently used household fuel and biogas for a 10 person household _________________________________ 46 Table 19: Average amount on household energy/year and energy prices for a rural family with 20persons __________________________________________ 46 Table 20: Energy services compared between currently used household fuel and biogas for a 20 person household _________________________________ 46 Table 21: Energy output from different livestock & classification for biogas production ___________________________________________________________ 47 Table 22: Costs and benefits of an integrated energy and sanitation invention ___ 59 Table 23: Percentage of cost fraction in biogas system construction___________ 60 Table 24: Household level financial costs (FCFA / US$) for a 6m³ biogas plant __ 60 Table 25: Estimated costs related to an approval of a CDM project____________ 61 Table 26: Surveyed households: their willingness & ability to contribute to improvements ________________________________________________ 70 Table 27: Future biogas plant connected to toilet - gas use for cooking and lighting? ___________________________________________________________