THE ROUTLEDGE COMPANION TO AESTHETICS ROUTLEDGE COMPANIONS TO PHILOSOPHY Routledge Companions to Philosophy offer thorough, high quality surveys of all the major topics in philosophy. Covering the key problems, themes and thinkers in each topic, all entries are specially commissioned for each volume and written by leading scholars in the field. Clear, accessible and carefully edited and organised, Routledge Companions to Philosophy are indispensable for anyone coming to a major topic in philosophy for the first time as well as the more advanced reader. THE ROUTLEDGE COMPANION TO AESTHETICS Edited by Berys Gaut and Dominic McIver Lopes London and New York First published 2001 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” © 2001 Berys Gaut and Dominic McIver Lopes for selection and editorial matter; individual contributors, their contributions. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested. ISBN 0-203-99192-3 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-415-20737-1 (Print Edition) CONTENTS List of figures ix Notes on contributors x Preface xvi PART 1 History of aesthetics 1 1 Plato 3 CHRISTOPHER JANAWAY 2 Aristotle 15 NICKOLAS PAPPAS 3 Medieval aesthetics 27 JOSEPH MARGOLIS 4 Empiricism: Hutcheson and Hume 37 JAMES SHELLEY 5 Kant 51 DONALD W. CRAWFORD 6 Hegel 65 MICHAEL INWOOD 7 Nietzsche 75 RUBEN BERRIOS AND AARON RIDLEY 8 Formalism 87 NOËL CARROLL 9 Pragmatism: Dewey 97 RICHARD SHUSTERMAN v CONTENTS 10 Heidegger 107 SIMON GLENDINNING 11 Expressivism: Croce and Collingwood 119 GORDON GRAHAM 12 Sibley 131 COLIN LYAS 13 Foucault 143 ROBERT WICKS 14 Postmodernism: Barthes and Derrida 155 DAVID NOVITZ PART 2 Aesthetic theory 167 15 Definitions of art 169 STEPHEN DAVIES 16 The aesthetic 181 ALAN GOLDMAN 17 Taste 193 CAROLYN KORSMEYER 18 Aesthetic universals 203 DENIS DUTTON 19 Value of art 215 MATTHEW KIERAN 20 Beauty 227 JENNIFER ANNE MCMAHON 21 Interpretation 239 ROBERT STECKER 22 Imagination and make-believe 253 GREGORY CURRIE 23 Fiction 263 DAVID DAVIES 24 Narrative 275 PAISLEY LIVINGSTON vi CONTENTS 25 Metaphor 285 GARRY L. HAGBERG 26 Pictorial representation 297 MARK ROLLINS PART 3 Issues and challenges 313 27 Criticism 315 ROGER SEAMON 28 Art and knowledge 329 EILEEN JOHN 29 Art and ethics 341 BERYS GAUT 30 Art, expression, and emotion 353 DEREK MATRAVERS 31 Tragedy 363 ALEX NEILL 32 Humor 375 TED COHEN 33 Authenticity in performance 383 JAMES O. YOUNG 34 Fakes and forgeries 395 NAN STALNAKER 35 High art versus low art 409 JOHN A. FISHER 36 Environmental aesthetics 423 ALLEN CARLSON 37 Feminist aesthetics 437 SARAH WORTH vii CONTENTS PART 4 The individual arts 447 38 Literature 449 PETER LAMARQUE 39 Film 463 MURRAY SMITH 40 Photography 477 PATRICK MAYNARD 41 Painting 491 DOMINIC MCIVER LOPES 42 Sculpture 503 CURTIS L. CARTER 43 Architecture 519 EDWARD WINTERS 44 Music 531 MARK DEBELLIS 45 Dance 545 GRAHAM MCFEE 46 Theater 557 JAMES R. HAMILTON Index 569 viii FIGURES 26.1 Picasso’s Rite of Spring shows how shape information is contained in silhouettes 301 26.2 The organization of stored shape descriptions for bipeds and quadrupeds 301 26.3 Birds and Schema by Van de Passe 306 26.4 Size constancy as a function of the number of textural elements covered by an object where it touches the ground 309 41.1 The duck–rabbit illustration 498 44.1 Short passage from Handel’s Messiah 533 ix CONTRIBUTORS Ruben Berrios is currently completing a doctorate on Nietzsche’s aesthetics at the University of Southampton. Allen Carlson is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. His research interests include aesthetics, environmental philosophy, and especially environmental and landscape aesthetics. In this area, he has pub- lished a number of articles and co-edited two collections of essays. Noël Carroll is Monroe C. Beardsley Professor of Philosophy at the University of Wisconsin, USA. He is the author of several books and articles in aesthetics, including, most recently A Philosophy of Mass Art and an Introduction to Aesthetics. Curtis L. Carter is Director of the Haggerty Museum of Art and Professor of Aesthetics at Marquette University, Wisconsin, USA. His publications include catalogues and essays on the visual arts, the museum and dance. He has con- tributed to the Encyclopedia of Aesthetics and the International Encyclopedia of Dance. Ted Cohen is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Chicago, USA, and past president of the American Society for Aesthetics. He is a co-editor of Essays in Kant’s Aesthetics and his most recent book is Jokes: Philosophical Thoughts on Joking Matters. Donald W. Crawford is Professor of Philosophy at the University of California, Santa Barbara, USA. He is the author of Kant’s Aesthetic Theory and numer- ous articles on Kant and aesthetics. He is also a past editor of the Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism. Gregory Currie is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Nottingham, England. His most recent book is Image and Mind: Philosophy, Film and Cognitive Science. He is currently working on a book on the imagination. x CONTRIBUTORS David Davies is Associate Professor of Philosophy at McGill University, Canada. In addition to his work in aesthetics, he works in the philosophies of mind and language, and analytic metaphysics. He is completing a manuscript on the ontological status of the work of art. Stephen Davies, a member of Department of Philosophy, University of Auckland, New Zealand is the author of Definitions of Art and Musical Meaning and Expression, and the editor of Art and its Messages. He has also published many articles on the philosophy of art. Mark DeBellis is Associate Professor of Music at Columbia University, USA. His interests include the philosophy of music perception and cognition, the rela- tionship of analysis to listening, and Verdi. He is the author of Music and Conceptualization. Denis Dutton teaches philosophy of art at the University of Canterbury, New Zealand. He edits Philosophy and Literature and the Arts and Letters Daily website. He has lived in India and studied the sitar under Pandarung Parate, and has done fieldwork on wood carvers of the Sepik River region of New Guinea. John A. Fisher is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Colorado at Boulder. He is the author of Reflecting on Art and articles on various aesthetic themes, including rock music, the ontology of recordings, technology’s effect on appreciation and the aesthetics of nature. Berys Gaut teaches in the Department of Moral Philosophy, University of St Andrews, Scotland. He is the author of many articles on aesthetics, film the- ory, moral philosophy, and Kant. He is currently working on a book on art and ethics. Simon Glendinning is Lecturer in Philosophy at the University of Reading, England. He is the author of On Being with Others: Heidegger – Derrida – Wittgenstein and General Editor of The Edinburgh Encyclopedia of Continental Philosophy. He has written on Heidegger’s conception of animal life and of the end of philosophy. Alan Goldman is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Miami, USA. He is the author of five books, including Aesthetic Value, Moral Knowledge and Empirical Knowledge, and of articles on aesthetics, ethics and epistemology. Gordon Graham is Regius Professor of Moral Philosophy at the University of Aberdeen, Scotland, and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. He has writ- ten extensively on topics in aesthetics and is the author of Philosophy of the Arts. xi CONTRIBUTORS Garry L. Hagberg is Professor of Philosophy at Bard College, and the author of Meaning and Interpretation: Wittgenstein, Henry James and Literary Knowledge, Art as Language: Wittgenstein, Meaning and Aesthetic Theory, and numerous essays and reviews. James R. Hamilton teaches philosophy at Kansas State University, USA. He has published essays on theater and other performing arts in the Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, the Journal of Dramatic Theory and Criticism, and the British Journal of Aesthetics. Michael Inwood is Fellow and Tutor in Philosophy at Trinity College, Oxford, England. In addition to several publications on Hegel, he is also the author of Heidegger and A Heidegger Dictionary. Christopher Janaway is Reader in Philosophy at Birkbeck College, University of London, England. His publications include Images of Excellence: Plato’s Critique of the Arts, Self and World in Schopenhauer’s Philosophy, Schopenhauer and a number of articles on aesthetics. Eileen John is Associate Professor of Philosophy at the University of Louisville, Kentucky, USA. Her research concerns learning experiences with fiction. Her work has appeared in the Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, Philosophy and Literature, and the Henry James Review. Matthew Kieran is Lecturer in the School of Philosophy of the University of Leeds, England. He has published articles on aesthetics, ethics and social phi- losophy as well as a monograph and an edited collection on media ethics. Carolyn Korsmeyer is Professor of Philosophy at the State University of New York at Buffalo, USA.