European Association of Remote Sensing Companies Sentinels Benefits Study (SeBS) A Case Study Ground Motion Monitoring in Norway SeBS-CR-008 Page 1 July 2020 Client: ESA Client Representative: Alessandra Tassa Date of Delivery: July 2020 Version: Draft Author(s): Geoff Sawyer (EARSC) Dáire Boyle (EARSC) Supported by Nikolay Khabarov (IIASA) Reviewed by Alessandra Tassa (ESA) Version Date Comment 1st Issue April 2020 Final July 2020 For more information contact: • EARSC: [email protected] • ESA: [email protected] Funded by the EU and ESA – ESA Contract Number: 4000119743/17/I-SBo. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Space Agency or the European Union. SeBS-CR-008 Page 2 July 2020 Table of Contents Setting the Scene ........................................................................................................................................ 6 Executive Summary .................................................................................................................................... 8 1 Introduction & Scope ........................................................................................................................ 10 1.1 The Context of this study ..................................................................................................................... 10 1.2 What is the Case all about? ................................................................................................................. 10 1.3 How does this case relate to others? .................................................................................................. 11 1.4 More About the Study ......................................................................................................................... 11 1.5 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................. 12 2 The Road Network in Norway ........................................................................................................... 14 2.1 Development of the road network ...................................................................................................... 14 2.2 Geological considerations ................................................................................................................... 15 2.3 An integrated transport network ........................................................................................................ 18 2.4 Where Ground Motion becomes Important ....................................................................................... 21 2.4.1 Challenges faced ................................................................................................................................................... 21 2.4.2 Building a Bridge at Sifjord .................................................................................................................................... 22 2.4.3 The Frodeåsen tunnel in Tønsberg ....................................................................................................................... 23 2.4.4 Bjørvika ................................................................................................................................................................. 26 2.5 Social and Environmental Considerations ........................................................................................... 27 2.6 Data for Informed Decision Making .................................................................................................... 28 2.6.1 What decisions? .................................................................................................................................................... 28 2.6.2 What Data? ........................................................................................................................................................... 28 2.6.3 Limitations of Conventional Methords ................................................................................................................. 29 3 The Use of Sentinel Data ................................................................................................................... 30 3.1 How can Satellites help with Roads Management? ............................................................................ 30 3.2 Copernicus and the Sentinels .............................................................................................................. 30 3.3 How can satellites measure ground motion? ...................................................................................... 32 3.4 The Norwegian Ground Motion Service – InSAR Norway ................................................................... 37 3.5 Evolution of the service ....................................................................................................................... 41 3.6 The Norwegian Avalanche Warning Service ........................................................................................ 42 4 Understanding the Value Chains ....................................................................................................... 44 4.1 Description of the Value-Chains .......................................................................................................... 44 4.2 Actors in the primary value chain ........................................................................................................ 45 4.2.1 Tier 1: Service Provider – NGU and partners ........................................................................................................ 45 4.2.2 Tier 2: Primary User – Statens vegvesen (NPRA) .................................................................................................. 46 4.2.3 Tier 3: Construction and related industries .......................................................................................................... 47 4.2.4 Tier 4: Road users, citizens, and society................................................................................................................ 50 4.3 Actors in the secondary value chain .................................................................................................... 51 4.3.1 Tier 1: Service Provider – NGU and partners ........................................................................................................ 51 4.3.2 Tier 2: Primary User – NGU ................................................................................................................................... 51 4.3.3 Tier 3: NVE ............................................................................................................................................................ 51 4.3.4 Tier 4: Citizens & society ....................................................................................................................................... 52 4.4 Additional applications – The Norwegian Avalanche Warning Service ............................................... 52 5 Assessing the Benefits ....................................................................................................................... 53 SeBS-CR-008 Page 3 July 2020 5.1 Overview .............................................................................................................................................. 53 5.2 The Primary Value-Chain ..................................................................................................................... 54 5.2.1 Tier 1: Service Provider – NGU and partners ........................................................................................................ 54 5.2.2 Tier 2: Primary User – NPRA ................................................................................................................................. 55 5.2.3 Tier 3: Construction and related industries .......................................................................................................... 63 5.2.4 Tier 4: Citizens & Society ....................................................................................................................................... 65 5.3 The Secondary Value-Chain ................................................................................................................. 68 5.3.1 Tier 1: NGU and partners ...................................................................................................................................... 68 5.3.2 Tier 2: NGU ........................................................................................................................................................... 68 5.3.3 Tier 3: NVE ............................................................................................................................................................ 69 5.3.4 Tier 4: Citizens and Society ................................................................................................................................... 69 5.4 Additional applications – The Norwegian Avalanche Warning Service ............................................... 69 5.5 Summary of Benefits ........................................................................................................................... 70 5.5.1 Economic Benefits ................................................................................................................................................ 70 5.5.2 Environmental......................................................................................................................................................