Notes 1 Introduction 1. Quoted in Friends Not Masters by M. Ayub Khan (Lahore: Oxford University Press, 1967), pp. 115-16. 2. Documents relating to constitutional relations between Britain and India have been published in thirteen volumes. Each volume covers a certain span of time and each document is dated. These volumes were published under the title The Transfer of Power 1942-47 (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office (here- after referred to as HMSO 1970-1982). The editor in chief was Dr Nicholas Mansergh assisted by many editors and assistants including Penderel Moon, David M. Blake and Lionel Carter. This series will hereafter be cited as TP 1942-47 and the appropriate volume number, the document number, date of the document (month and year) and pages will be provided in each case. TP 1942-47, Document No. 309 June 1947, Vol. 11, HM Minister at Kabul to Government of India pp. 577-78. 3. Lord Mountbatten in !lis personal report No. 14 to the British Government sent the details of results. For details see TP 1942-47, Document No. 288 July 1947, Vol. 12. Viceroy's personal report No. 14, pp. 333-9. 4. S.M. Burke, Pakistan's Foreign Policy: An Historical Analysis (Karachi: Ox- ford University Press, 1973), pp. 82-4. 5. See Maj. Gen. Fazal Muqeem Khan, The Story of Pakistan Army (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1963), pp. 20-60. Also see 'The Formative Phase of Pakistan Armed Forces' by Hasan Askari Rizvi in The Journal of History and Political Science, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1971-2, pp. 25-40. Also see 'The Indian Army Before and After 1947' by Maj. Gen. Sir Dashwood Strettell in Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society, Vol. 35, 1948, pp. 116-30. 6. Khan, ibid., pp. 38-40. 7. Burke, op. cit., pp. 62-8. 8. Ibid. 9. See Edward A. Kolodziej and Robert E. Harkavy (eds), Security Policies of Developing Countries (Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath and Company, 1982), p. 13. 10. Ibid., pp. 15-17. 11. For a detailed analysis of vital interests see Bernard Brodie's article on 'Vital Interests: By Whom and How Determined?' in National Security and American Society, edited by Frank N. Trager and Philip S. Kronenberg (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1973), pp. 63-7. 12. See Shahram Chubin, The Nature of Security Problems of Developing Countries: Intra Regional Relations (PSIS Occasional Paper No. 2/84. Gradu- ate Institute of International Studies, Geneva, June 1984), p. 19. 13. See 'Pakistan' by Stephen Philip Cohen in Kolodziej and Harkavy, op. cit., pp. 93-117. 2 Strategic Setting 1. See K.M. Panikkar, Problems of Indian Defence (New York: Asia Publishing House, 1960), p. 23. 183 184 Notes 2. Ibid. See also Shelton Kodikara, Strategic Factors in Interstate Relations in South Asia Canberra Papers on Strategy and Defence No. 19 (Canberra: The Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, The Australian National University, 1979), p. 13. 3. Panikkar, op. cit., p. 26. For a detailed study of sea power's significance, see Alfred Thayer Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History 1660-1783 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1957), pp. 371-416. 4. Panikkar, ibid. 5. Ibid., pp. 26-7. 6. For details see Lome J. Kavic India's Quest for Security: Defence Policies 1947-1965 (Berkely and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1967), p. 9. 7. Ibid. 8. Ibid. 9. Kodikara, op. cit., p. 14. 10. Ibid. 11. See Panikkar, op. cit., p. 23; also see Louis Dupree, Afghanistan (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978), p. 363. 12. Leo E Rose, Nepal: Strategy for Survival (Berkely: University of California Press, 1971), p. 163. 13. See Kovic, op. cit., pp. 9-11. 14. For an interesting analysis of close border policy which is attributed to Lord Lawrence see Olaf Caroe, The Pathans 550 B.C. -A.D. 1957 (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1976), pp. 346-59. For forward policy see Richard Issaq Bruce, The Forward Policy and its Results (Quetta: Gosha-e-Adab, 1977). 15. See Roger Beaumont, Sword of the Raj (New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc., 1977), pp. 140-2. 16. See the translation of Prince Gorchakov's Memorandum in W.K. Fraser- Tytler, Afghanistan: A Study of Political Development in Central and Southern Asia, (London: Oxford University Press, 1958), Appendix II, 319-23. For Lord Roberts see his autobiography entitled Forty one years in India by Field Marshal Lord Roberts of Kandahar (London: Richard Bentley and Son, 1898), pp. vii-x. 17. Yaghistan (the land of the unruly) was the term commonly used not only by the British but also by the rulers of Kabul- the Amir Abdul Rehman used it in his autobiography. See The Life of Amir Abdur Rahman: Amir of Afghanistan, edited by Mir Munshi Sultan Mohammad Khan (London: John Murray, Albemarle Street, 1909), Vol. II, p. 157. Through the intermediaries the British official secured written agreements and offered allowances and subsi- dies to the tribesmen as the price of peace and stability on the borders. Caroe, op. cit., pp. 346-59. 18. Caroe, ibid., p. 371. 19. See Beaumont, op. cit., pp. 140-1. Also see Caroe, op. cit., pp. 370-89. 20. Caroe, ibid. 21. Beaumont, op. cit., p. 141. 22. Kovic, op. cit., p. 10. 23. Ibid. 24. Ibid., p. 11. 25. Ibid., p. 12. 26. Ibid., p. 13. 27. The war office actually worked out a plan to counter perceived Russian attack on Afghanistan. Ibid., pp. 13-15. Also see B. Prashad, Defence of India: Policy and Plans (London: Orient Longmans, 1963), pp. 22-54. Notes 185 28. See Kovic, ibid., pp. 13-15. 29. Ibid. 30. Ibid., pp. 15-17. 31. See S. Woodburn Kirby, The War Against Japan, Vol. 2 (London: HMSO, 1958), p. xvi. Also cited in Kovic, op. cit., pp. 18-20. 32. Kovic, ibid., pp. 19-20. See also Pannikar, op. cit., pp. 26-8. 33. See 'Armies of the East India Company' by Sir Wolesley Haig in The Cam- bridge History of India, Vol. 6, edited by H.H. Dodwell (Cambridge: Cam- bridge University Press, 1932), pp. 153-66. Dumas, the predecessor of Dupleix was the first French official who employed Sepoys. Also see Stringer Lawrence: The Father of the Indian Army by Colonel J. Biddulph (London: John Murray, 1901), p. 13, 'The Indian Army Before and After 1947' by Major General Sir Dashwood Strettell in 'The Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society' Vol. 35, 1948, p. 121. See also Sword of the Raj by Roger Beaumont (New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc. 1977), p. 1. 34. Strettell, op. cit., p. 121. 35. The word 'Sepoy' is the anglicised version of a Persian word 'Sipah', meaning an army. 'Sipahi' means a soldier. 36. See Area Handbook For Pakistan, co-authored by R.N. Nyrop, B.L. Ben- derly, Co. C. Conn, W.W. Cover, M.J. Cutter and N.B. Parker (Washington DC: US Government Printing Office, 1975), pp. 370-1. 37. Ibid., see Col. Biddulph's book on Stringer Lawrence, op. cit. 38. See Tradition Never Dies: The Genesis and Growth of the Indian Army by B.S. Singh (Bombay: Lalvani Publishing House, 1972), pp. 23-4. 39. For example Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan were two good military commanders. See Philip Mason A Matter of Honour (Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin Books, 1974), pp. 18-19, 67-8. 40. Beaumont, op. cit., pp. 1-2. 41. Indian Military: Its History and Development by S.T. Das (New Delhi: Sager Publications, 1969), p. 81. 42. Ibid. Also see Haig, op. cit., pp. 159-60. 43. Ibid. 44. Mason, op. cit., p. 140. 45. Area Handbook for Pakistan, op. cit., p. 37. Also Das, op. cit., p. 84. Also see Dodwell, op. cit., pp. 163-4. 46. See The Cambridge Shorter History of India by J. Allan, T.W. Haig and H.H. Dodwell (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1934), pp. 728-57. Also see 'The Mutiny' by T. Rice Holmes in The Cambridge History of India, Vol. 6, op. cit., pp. 167-205. 47. Das, op. cit., p. 89. Mason, op. cit., p. 317. See also Sir Wolseley Haig's Chapter on 'The Indian Army 1858-1918', in Dodwell, op. cit., p. 395. Strettell, op. cit., p. 123. Singh, op. cit., p. 32. 48. Ibid., Haig, Mason. 49. See Mason, op. cit., pp. 317-18. Also see Haig, op. cit., p. 395. 50. For details see Mason, op. cit., pp. 317-25. 51. Strettell, op. cit., p. 123. 52. Ibid. 53. Area Handbook for Pakistan, op. cit., pp. 371-2. 54. See Strettell, op. cit., pp. 123-4. 55. Area Handbook for Pakistan, op. cit., p. 372. 56. See Strettell, op. cit., p. 128. 57. Das, op. cit., p. 91. 186 Notes 58. Ibid. Also see Strettell, op. cit., p. 124. 59. See V. Longer, Red Coats to Olive Green: A History of The Indian Army 1600-1974 (Bombay: Allied Publisher, 1974), p. 135. 60. Ibid., pp. 135-6. 61. Ibid. 62. Ibid., p. 137. 63. See Longer, op. cit., p. 140. Also see H.H. Dodwell's Chapter on 'The Relations of the Government of India with Indian States 1858-1918' in Dod- well, op. cit., p. 507. (The Cambridge History of India, Vol. VI). 64. See Kitchener: Portrait of an Imperialist by Philip Magnus (London: John Murray, 1958), pp. 196-201. Also see Soldier, Artist, Sportsman: The Life of General Lord Rawlinson of Trent, edited by Major General Sir Frederick Maurice (New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1928), pp. 273-300. 65. See Longer, op. cit., p.