Invisible Visible Minority Confronting Afrophobia and Advancing Equality for People of African Descent and Black Europeans in Europe ENAR Anti-Racism in Focus 2 Invisible Visible Minority Published by the European Network Against Racism aisbl (ENAR) in Brussels in December 2014 60 Rue Gallait B-1030 Brussels www.enar-eu.org © European Network Against Racism 2014 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated or transmitted in any form, by print, web or any other means, without prior written permission from the publisher. ISBN 978-2-9601308-1-2 Layout and printing: Crossmark.be The European Network Against Racism (ENAR) stands against racism and discrimina- tion and advocates for equality and solidarity for all in Europe. We connect local and na- tional anti-racist NGOs throughout Europe and act as an interface between our member organisations and the European institutions. We voice the concerns of ethnic and religious minorities in European and national policy debates. For more information on our work: www.enar-eu.org Acknowledgements 4 Invisible Visible Minority Acknowledgements This book was published with the support of the European Union Programme for Employment and Social Solidarity - PROGRESS and the Open Society Foundations. PROGRESS is implemented by the European Commission. It was established to financially support the implementation of the objec- tives of the European Union in the employment, social affairs and equal opportunities area, and thereby contribute to the achievement of the Europe 2020 Strategy goals in these fields. The seven-year Programme targets all stakeholders who can help shape the develop- ment of appropriate and effective employment and social legislation and policies, across the EU-27, EFTA-EEA and EU candidate and pre-candidate countries. For more information: http://ec.europa.eu/ progress The Open Society Foundations work to build vibrant and tolerant societies whose governments are accountable and open to the par- ticipation of all people. For more information: http://www.openso- cietyfoundations.org/ Acknowledgements 5 ENAR would like to thank the following people for their time and dedication in contributing to the development of this book: Jallow Momodou, Julie Pascoët, Ojeaku Nwabuzo, Shannon Pfohmann and Georgina Siklossy. A special thank you to Dr Mischa Thompson for her time, commitment and expertise in assisting with the review of this book. We commend ENAR Chair Emeritus Dr Chibo Onyeji for his vision, foresight and leadership in the fight for equality and justice for people of African descent in Europe and Black Europeans. Moreover, we thank the experts, NGO activists, academics and others who contributed to this publication. The profiles of these authors are listed on page 8. The views of all authors in this publication are their own and do not necessarily reflect the views or opinions of ENAR, the European Commission, or the Open Society Foundations. ENAR reserves the right not to be responsible for the accuracy, completeness or quality of the information provided in this publication. Liability claims regarding damage caused by the use of any information provided, including any information which is incomplete or incorrect, will therefore be rejected. 6 Invisible Visible Minority Table of Contents Acknowledgements 4 Authors’ Descriptions 8 Foreword By Congressman Alcee L. Hastings 16 Introduction By Dr Mischa Thompson 21 Section One: People of African Descent and Black Europeans in the European Context 30 Afrophobia and the ‘Fragmentation of Anti-racism’ By Dr Michaël Privot 31 Pan Africanism and the Black European Moment By Dr Clarence Lusane 39 A Brief ABC on Black Europe By Dr Philomena Essed 57 Black European Responses to the Election of Barack Obama By Dr Allison Blakely 76 Section Two: Experiences of People of African Descent in Select National Contexts 96 Beyond Blackface: Emancipation Through the Struggle Against Black Pete, Dutch Racism and Afrophobia By Mitchell Esajas 97 The Impact of the European Union’s Racial Equality Directive on Anti-discrimination Policy and Black People in France By Dr Terri E. Givens 118 TheAcknowledgements Hidden Face of Discrimination in the Global Labour7 Market: The Case of Zimbabwean Highly Skilled Migrants in the United Kingdom By Dr Roda Madziva, Dr Simon McGrath and Dr Juliet Thondhlana 140 Photo Curation By Johny Pitts 157 Making the Black Experience Heard in Germany By Jamie Schearer and Hadija Haruna 163 From Portrayal to Perception: Individuals of Black African Descent in Latvia By Dr Lauren Monsein Rhodes 168 Being a Full Citizen: ‘African’ Otherness, Political Representation and Struggle for Recognition in Belgium By Dr Nicole Grégoire 190 Section Three: The Impact of Discrimination Against People of African Descent in Specific Policy Areas 205 An Apple a Day Keeps the Doctor Away… But so does White Privilege: Everyday Racism, Perceived Discrimination and the Health Costs of Social Exclusion for Black People in Europe By Denise Hansen 206 Rounding up the Usual Suspects: Understanding, Recognising and Preventing Discriminatory Ethnic Profiling By John Kellock 236 Combating Hate Crimes and Bias Against People of African Descent in the OSCE Region By Dr Mischa Thompson 253 Section Four: Conclusion: The Way Forward 261 Towards a European Strategy to Combat Afrophobia By Jallow Momodou and Julie Pascoët 262 Appendix 273 Authors’ Descriptions 8 Invisible Visible Minority Authors’ Descriptions1 Congressman Alcee L. Hastings Congressman Alcee L. Hastings represents District 23 in Florida. He was first elected in 1992 and is currently serving his 11th term in the US Congress. He earned his undergraduate degree from Fisk University in 1958 and received his law degree from Florida A&M University in Tallahassee, both historically Black colleges. Appointed by President Jimmy Carter in 1979, he became the first African-American Federal Judge in the state of Florida, and served in that position for ten years. Throughout his lifetime, Congressman Hastings has championed the rights of minorities, women, the el- derly, children and immigrants. Known throughout the world as an expert in foreign policy, Congressman Hastings has introduced leg- islation advocating diplomacy before military action to settle dis- putes with established and emerging nations and to advance diver- sity in the US government. Among Congress’ most respected voices in international affairs, Congressman Hastings served as President to the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe’s Parliamentary Assembly. In 2007, he became the first African- American to Chair the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, where he held the Commission’s first hearings on Black Europeans and Racism in Europe. In 2009, he co-hosted the first Black European Summit and helped to found transformative trans- atlantic diversity and inclusion initiatives such as the Transatlantic Minority Political Leadership Conferences and Transatlantic Inclusion Leaders Network. Dr Mischa Thompson As a Policy Adviser at the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe (U.S. Helsinki Commission), an independent government agency based in Washington DC, Dr Thompson’s responsibilities 1 The order in listing the authors is in accordance with their location within this publication. Authors’ Descriptions 9 include monitoring human rights issues within the 57 European and North American countries that make up the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), with a focus on anti- discrimination, integration and inclusion issues. She also serves as the lead US Policy Adviser at the Commission on annual pro- grammes for diverse policy makers, including the Transatlantic Minority Political Leadership Conferences and Transatlantic Inclusion Leaders Network young leaders programmes, in addition to representing the US government at international meetings on is- sues related to socially disadvantaged populations in Europe and the United States. Prior to being appointed to the Helsinki Commission, she served as a Professional Staff Member and Congressional Fellow within the US House and Senate working on foreign policy, defence/security, trade, economic development, and global racism, tolerance and anti-discrimination issues. Dr Thompson has served as German Marshall Fund Fellow, German Fulbright Scholar and National Science Foundation Fellow. Dr Thompson earned her BS from Howard University and her PhD from the University of Michigan, where her research focused on intergroup relations and socially disadvantaged populations in the US and Europe. Dr Michaël Privot Dr Michael Privot is the Director of the European Network Against Racism (ENAR) and an expert in Islamology. He has worked at ENAR since 2006. Previously, he worked as a FNRS Research Fellow at the University of Liège (Belgium). He also has several years’ ex- perience in community building of Muslim communities in Belgium and Europe, and served as a consultant on related issues. He holds a BA in Oriental History and Philology (Islamology), a specialisation in Comparative History of Religions and Arabic (Damas), and a PhD in Languages and Literature from the University of Liège (Belgium). Privot is the author of several books and has published a wide range of articles in both academic journals and mainstream media. 10 Invisible Visible Minority Dr Clarence Lusane Dr Clarence Lusane is a Political Scientist, an activist-scholar, and a well-respected expert in the areas of human rights, global race relations,