DOCTORAL DISSERTATION INTERCULTURAL LACUNAE IN HUNGARIAN-VIETNAMESE COMMUNICATION WITH EMPHASIS ON ENTREPRENEURIAL INTERACTIONS ISTVÁN LÉNÁRT 2016 Page 1 of 228 Eötvös Loránd University Faculty of Humanities DOCTORAL DISSERTATION ISTVÁN LÉNÁRT INTERCULTURAL LACUNAE IN HUNGARIAN-VIETNAMESE COMMUNICATION WITH EMPHASIS ON ENTREPRENEURIAL INTERACTIONS Doctoral School of Linguistics Head: Dr. Gábor Tolcsvai Nagy, PhD, DSc Intercultural Linguistics Doctoral Program Head: Dr. Tamás Gecső, PhD, Associate Professor Chairperson of the Committee: Dr. Mária Ladányi, PHD, DSc Opponents: Dr. Ágnes Huszár, PhD, Dr. habil. Dr. Irina Markovina, PhD, Associate Professor Members of the committee: Dr. Zsuzsa Vladár, PhD, Dr. habil., secretary of the committee Dr. Klára Falkné Bánó, PhD, Dr. habil. Dr. Gabriella Dóra Borbás, PhD, substitute member of the committee Dr. Ágnes Albert, PhD, substitute member of the committee Supervisor: Dr. Tamás Gecső, PhD, Associate Professor Budapest 2016 Page 2 of 228 Page 3 of 228 Motto: “In Vietnam, everything is possible if you know how to work in ways that are culturally appropriate. Your success depends on you – your way of working, your knowledge, your understanding, friendships that you establish with Vietnamese – not your nationality.”1 VIETNAMESE COMPANY PRESIDENT 1 In: Ashwill 2005, 160.p., unnamed company president Page 4 of 228 Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS........................................................................................................................................ 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................................................. 10 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 12 PART 1. SCOPE OF DISSERTATION .......................................................................................................... 14 PART 2. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND .................................................................................................... 16 2.1. INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION, INTERCULTURAL LINGUISTICS ............................................. 16 2.1.1. Definitions, history of Intercultural Communication .................................................................... 16 2.1.2. Intercultural Linguistics................................................................................................................ 18 2.2. LACUNA THEORY ........................................................................................................... 21 2.2.1. Meaning and etymology of the word lacuna ............................................................................... 21 2.2.2. Definitions of the technical term lacuna ...................................................................................... 21 2.2.3. History of Lacuna Theory ............................................................................................................. 23 2.2.3.1 Milestones of Lacunology .....................................................................................................................26 2.2.3. Typology of lacunae ..................................................................................................................... 27 2.2.3.1. Linguistic and cultural lacunas by Markovina .......................................................................................27 2.2.3.2. Ertelt-Vieth: an open system of classification .......................................................................................29 2.2.3.3. The Y-Shaped Model ............................................................................................................................30 2.2.3.4. Schröder’s classification of lacunas ......................................................................................................33 2.2.3.5. Further classes of cultural lacunas .......................................................................................................33 2.2.3.6. Intercultural versus intracultural lacunas .............................................................................................34 2.2.3.7. Further bipolar classifications of lacunas ..............................................................................................35 2.2.3.8. The cognitive mapping of the linguistic lacunicon ................................................................................36 2.2.4. Perspective of lacunology in Intercultural Communication research ............................................ 36 PART 3. HYPOTHESES .................................................................................................................................... 38 3.1. FIRST HYPOTHESIS .......................................................................................................... 38 3.2. SECOND HYPOTHESIS ...................................................................................................... 38 3.3. THIRD HYPOTHESIS ......................................................................................................... 38 3.4. FOURTH HYPOTHESIS ...................................................................................................... 38 Page 5 of 228 PART 4. METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................................... 39 4.1. PRELIMINARY RESEARCHES .............................................................................................. 41 4.2. THE QUESTIONNAIRE-BASED INTERVIEWS ............................................................................ 42 4.2.1. The process of assembling the questionnaires ............................................................................. 42 4.2.2. Introduction of the questionnaires ............................................................................................... 44 4.2.2.1. Personal data .......................................................................................................................................44 4.2.2.2. Stereotypes .........................................................................................................................................44 4.2.2.3. Case studies .........................................................................................................................................45 4.2.2.4. Statements ..........................................................................................................................................46 4.2.2.6. Associations .........................................................................................................................................46 4.2.2.6. Proverbs ..............................................................................................................................................47 4.2.2.7. Habits, lacunae ....................................................................................................................................47 PART 5. ANALYSIS OF SURVEY ........................................................................................................................ 48 5.1. PERSONAL DATA ............................................................................................................ 48 5.1.1. Potential and limitations of the survey ........................................................................................ 51 5.2. STEREOTYPES ................................................................................................................ 52 5.2.1. Stereotyping as a linguistic term.................................................................................................. 52 5.2.2. A good businessperson ................................................................................................................ 54 5.2.3. Stereotypes about Hungarians..................................................................................................... 56 5.2.3. Stereotypes about Vietnamese .................................................................................................... 57 5.2.4. Stereotypes about Hungarian businesspersons ............................................................................ 58 5.2.5. Stereotypes about Vietnamese businesspersons .......................................................................... 60 5.3. CASE STUDIES ............................................................................................................... 61 5.3.1. Kinship terms ............................................................................................................................... 62 5.3.2. Making an appointment .............................................................................................................. 64 5.3.3. Borrowing inside the family ......................................................................................................... 66 5.3.4. Singing ......................................................................................................................................... 68 5.4. STATEMENTS ................................................................................................................ 70 5.4.1. Ethics ........................................................................................................................................... 71 5.4.2. Sensitivity and silence .................................................................................................................