Anna Wiemann Networks and Mobilization Processes: The Case of the Japanese Anti-Nuclear Movement after Fukushima Monographien aus dem Deutschen Institut für Japanstudien Band 61 2018 Monographien Band 61 Herausgegeben vom Deutschen Institut für Japanstudien der Max Weber Stiftung – Deutsche Geisteswissenschaftliche Institute im Ausland Direktor: Prof. Dr. Franz Waldenberger Anschrift: Jochi Kioizaka Bldg. 2F 7-1, Kioicho Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 102-0094, Japan Tel.: (03) 3222-5077 Fax: (03) 3222-5420 E-Mail: [email protected] Homepage: http://www.dijtokyo.org Umschlagbild: e-shift network centrality © Anna Wiemann Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. Dissertation der Universität Hamburg, 2017 ISBN 978-3-86205-049-9 © IUDICIUM Verlag GmbH München 2018 Alle Rechte vorbehalten Druck: Totem, Inowrocław ISBN 978-3-86205-049-9 www.iudicium.de Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES . 9 LIST OF FIGURES . 10 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . 11 PRELIMINARY REMARKS . 13 LIST OF JAPANESE EXPRESSIONS . 14 1INTRODUCTION . 22 1.1 Mobilization Processes through Networks: Towards a Refined Analytical Model . 24 1.2 The Case of the Japanese Anti-Nuclear Movement since 3.11 . 29 1.2.1 Infrastructure of Japanese Social Movements and Civil Society . 30 1.2.2 The Japanese Anti-Nuclear Movement Waves before 3.11 . 37 1.2.3 The Heterogeneity of the Anti-Nuclear Movement since 3.11: The Hitotsubashi Survey. 42 1.2.4 Insights into the Dynamics of Visible Protest Action since 3.11. 47 1.2.5 Insights into the Dynamics of Less Visible Collective Action since 3.11 . 50 1.3 The Sample: Two Coalitional Networks, e-shift and SHSK . 56 1.4 Research Objectives and Course of the Study . 57 2SOCIAL MOVEMENTS, MOBILIZATION, AND NETWORKS: A RELATIONAL PERSPECTIVE . 60 2.1 Movements in Context: Tarrow’s Model of Movement Cycles and Mechanisms of Contention. 63 2.2 The Role of the Meso Level in Social Movement Mobilization . 65 2.2.1 From Mobilizing Structures to Movement Communities . 67 2.2.2 Key Mobilizing Agents: Social Movement Organizations . 69 5 Table of Contents 2.2.3 The Question of How to Get Along: Cooperation or Competition? . 70 2.2.4 Coalition-Building: A Key Mobilizing Mechanism . 71 2.3 At the Height of Mobilization: Forms of Collective Action in Social Movements . 73 2.4 Before and After Mobilization: Latent Movements or Civic Networks? . 75 2.5 Structural Implications of the Broader Movement Environment . 77 2.6 Network Analysis and Movement Mobilization . 78 2.6.1 The Network Metaphor . 79 2.6.2 Networks of Individuals and Movement Mobilization. 83 2.6.3 Interorganizational Networks and Movement Mobilization. 84 2.7 Cultural-Constructivist Network Perspectives on Mobilization: The New York School of Relational Sociology . 88 2.7.1 Mobilization Reflected in Discourse: Building a ‘Civic Arena’ . 89 2.8 Towards a Synthesis: The Network Mobilization Model . 90 3APPLYING EMPIRICAL METHODS TO THE NETWORK MOBILIZATION MODEL . 93 3.1 Research Design Settings. 96 3.1.1 Sampling Strategy. 96 3.1.2 Network Boundaries. 99 3.1.3 Field Site . 99 3.1.4 Sampling Process . 100 3.1.5 Relations of the Researcher to the Field. 103 3.2 Data Material. 104 3.2.1 Participant Observation . 105 3.2.1.1 Public Movement Events . 106 3.2.1.2 Coalitional Network Meetings . 108 3.2.2 Qualitative Semi-Structured Interviews . 109 3.2.3 Documentary Data . 112 3.3 Data Analysis . 112 3.3.1 Structural Network Analysis and Visualization. 113 3.3.1.1 Affiliation Networks and Network Centrality . 113 3.3.1.2 UCINET and NETDRAW . 116 3.3.2 Qualitative Content Analysis . 117 3.3.2.1 MAXQDA . 119 6 Table of Contents 4 E-SHIFT: NETWORKING FOR NUCLEAR PHASE-OUT AND RENEWABLE ENERGY . 121 4.1 Action Profile . 121 4.1.1 Common Project . 121 4.1.2 Joint Action Repertoire. 126 4.2 Relational Patterns . 129 4.2.1 Network Composition . 131 4.2.2 Relations in Action . 135 4.2.3 Internal Relations . 141 4.2.3.1 Network-Coalitional Structures . 141 4.2.3.2 Core Members . 148 4.2.3.3 Cooperation and Conflict . 153 4.2.4 Relations to the Broader Movement. 157 4.2.4.1 e-shift’s Role in the Movement . 157 4.2.4.2 Multiplexity . 160 4.2.4.3 Cooperation and Conflict . 161 4.2.5 Relations to the Outside . 165 4.2.5.1 Relations to the Political Arena. 166 4.2.5.2 Relations to Society. 172 4.3 Network Emergence . 176 4.3.1 Civil Networking . 176 4.3.2 The Emergence of e-shift . 179 4.4 Latent Relational Patterns . 182 4.4.1 Relational Patterns from Previous Movement Waves . 182 4.4.2 National Networking . 189 4.4.3 Relations to Political Actors. 196 4.5 Case Summary: e-shift’s Network and Mobilization Process . 198 5SHIENHŌ SHIMIN KAIGI (SHSK): NETWORKING FOR NUCLEAR VICTIMS’ RIGHTS . 200 5.1 Action Profile . 200 5.1.1 Common Project . 201 5.1.2 Joint Action Repertoire. 208 5.2 Relational Patterns . 210 5.2.1 Network Composition . 210 5.2.2 Relations in Action . 215 5.2.3 Internal Relations . 220 5.2.3.1 Coalitional Structures. 220 5.2.3.2 Core Members . 225 5.2.3.3 Cooperation and Conflict . 226 7 Table of Contents 5.2.4 Relations to the Broader Movement. 227 5.2.4.1 SHSK’s Role in the Movement . 227 5.2.4.2 Multiplexity . 227 5.2.4.3 Cooperation and Conflict in the Movement Field . 229 5.2.5 Relations to the Outside . 230 5.2.5.1 Relations to the Political Arena. 231 5.2.5.2 Relations to the Society . 234 5.3 Network Emergence . ..