THE KINGDON FIELD GUIDE TO AFRICAN MAMMALS By Jonathan Kingdon ACADEMIC PRESS Harcourt Brace & Company, Publishers SAX DIEGO LONDON BOSTON NEW YORK SYDNEY TOKYO TORONTO V CONTENTS Preface and Acknowledgements vi Checklist of Species vii Introduction 1 Mammals 5 Primates 8 Bats 111 Insectivores 137 Elephant Shrews, or Sengis 147 Hares 152 Rodents 159 Carnivores 215 Scaly Ant-eaters 288 Aardvark 294 Hyraxes 296 Proboscids 302 Odd-toed Ungulates 309 Even-toed Ungulates 323 The African Environment 447 Physical 447 Climate 448 Vegetation 451 The Past 455 Habitats 455 Species 456 Conservation 457 Further Reading 459 Glossary 460 vii CHECKLIST OF SPECIES MAMMALIA 5 PRIMATES PRIMATES 8 Old World monkeys and apes Catarrhini 8 Man and apes Hominidae 9 Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes 10 Bonobo or 'pygmy' chimpanzee Pan paniscus 12 Gorilla Gorilla gorilla 15 Monkeys Cercopithecoidea 17 Colobid monkeys Colobidae 18 Olive colobus Procolobus verus 19 Red colobus Piliocolobus 20 Zanzibar red colobus Piliocolobus kirkii 21 Iringa red colobus Piliocolobus gordonorum 22 Tana River red colobus Piliocolobus rufomitratus 22 Tshuapa red colobus Piliocolobus tholloni 23 Central African red colobus Piliocolobus oustaleti 24 Pennant's red colobus Piliocolobus pennanti 24 Preuss's red colobus Piliocolobus preussi 25 Western red colobus Piliocolobus badius 25 Pied colobus Colobus 26 Black colobus Colobus satanus 26 Western pied colobus Colobus polykomos 27 Angola pied colobus Colobus angolensis 28 Geoffroy's pied colobus Colobus vellerosus 29 Guereza colobus Colobus guereza (syn. C. abyssinicus) 29 Cheek-pouch monkeys Cercopithecidae 31 Baboons Papio 32 Sacred baboon Papio hamadryas 33 Guinea baboon Papio papio 34 Olive baboon Papio anubis 34 Yellow baboon Papio cynocephalus 35 Chacma baboon Papio ursinus 36 Gelada Theropithecus gelada 36 Mandrill Mandrillus sphinx 38 Drill Mandrillus leucophaeus 40 Drill-mangabeys Cercocebus 42 Red-capped mangabey Cercocebus torquatus 43 Sooty mangabey Cercocebus atys 43 Agile mangabey Cercocebus agilis 44 Tana mangabey Cercocebus galeritus 45 Sanje mangabey Cercocebus sanjei 45 Golden-bellied mangabey Cercocebus chrysogaster 46 Baboon-mangabeys Lophocebus 47 Grey-cheeked mangabey Lophocebus albigena 47 Black mangabey Lophocebus aterrimus 48 Barbary macaque Macaca sylvanus 49 Guenons and allies Cercopithecinae 50 Allen's swamp monkey Allenopithecus nigroviridis 54 Northern talapoin Miopithecus ogouensis 55 Southern talapoin Miopithecus talapoin 56 Patas monkey Cercopithecus (Erythrocebus) patas 57 viii Savannah monkeys Cercopithecus (aethiops) superspecies 58 Grivet monkey Cercopithecus (a.) aethiops 60 Tantalus monkey Cercopithecus (a.) tantalus 60 Vervet monkey Cercopithecus (a.) pygerythrus 61 Callithrix monkey Cercopithecus (a.) sabaeus 61 Bale monkey Cercopithecus (a.) djamdjamensis 62 L'Hoest's monkeys Cercopithecus (I'hoesti) superspecies 63 L'Hoest's monkey Cercopithecus (I'h.) i'hoesti 64 Preuss's monkey Cercopithecus (I'h.) preussi 65 Sun-tailed monkey Cercopithecus (I'h.) solatus 66 Salonga monkey Cercopithecus dryas 66 Diana monkey Cercopithecus diana 67 De Brazza's monkey Cercopithecus neglectus 69 Mona monkeys Cercopithecus (mona) superspecies 70 Mona monkey Cercopithecus (m.) mona 72 Campbell's monkey Cercopithecus (m.) campbelli 72 Lowe's monkey Cercopithecus (m.) /owe/ 73 Dent's monkey Cercopithecus (m.) denti 74 Wolf's monkey Cercopithecus (m.) wolfi 75 Crowned monkey Cercopithecus (m.) pogonias 76 Owl-faced monkey Cercopithecus hamlyni 77 Gentle monkeys Cercopithecus (nictitans) superspecies 79 Putty-nosed monkey Cercopithecus (n.) nictitans 80 Gentle monkey Cercopithecus (n.) mitis 80 Cephus monkeys Cercopithecus (cephus) superspecies 82 Moustached monkey Cercopithecus (c.) cephus 84 Sdater's monkey Cercopithecus (c.) sclateri 84 Red-eared monkey Cercopithecus (c.) erythrotis 85 Red-tailed monkey Cercopithecus (c.) ascanius 85 Lesser spot-nosed monkey Cercopithecus (c.) petaurista 87 Nigerian white-throat monkey Cercopithecus (c.) erythrogaster 88 Prosimians Strepsirhini 89 Lorisids Loridae (previously Lorisidae) 90 Potto Perodicticus potto 90 Calabar angwantibo Arctocebus calabarensis 91 Golden angwantibo Arctocebus aureus 92 Galagos or bushbabies Galagonidae (previously Galagidae) 93 Greater galagos Otolemur 96 Greater galago Otolemur crassicaudatus 97 Silver galago Otolemur argentata 97 Small-eared galago Otolemur garnetti 98 Mwera galago Otolemur sp. nov.? 98 Needle-clawed galagos Euoticus 99 Elegant needle-clawed galago Euoticus elegantulus 100 Pallid needle-clawed galago Euoticus pallidus 100 Squirrel galagos Galago (Sciurocheirus) 101 Allen's squirrel galago Galago alleni 102 Lesser galagos Galago 102 Senegal galago Galago senegalensis 103 South African galago Galago moholi 103 Somali galago Galago gallarum 104 Spectacled galago Galago matschiei (syn. G. inustus) 104 Dwarf galagos Galagoides 105 Roller callers (Relictual east coast dwarf galagos) 105 Rondo galago Galagoides sp. nov. "rondoensis" 106 Matundu galago Galagoides sp. nov. "udzungwensis" 106 Usambara galago Galagoides sp. nov.? orinusl 107 Incremental callers (East coast small galagos) 107 Zanzibar galago Galagoides zanzibaricus 107 Mozambique galago Galagoides granti 108 Crescendo callers (Equatorial dwarf galagos) 108 Demidoff's galago Galagoides demidoff 108 Thomas's galago Galagoides thomasi 109 BATS CHIROPTERA 111 Fruit bats Megachiroptera, Pteropodidae 111 Flying foxes Pteropus (2 species) 113 Straw-coloured fruit bat Eidolon helvum 113 Rousette bat, Egyptian fruit bat Rousettus aegyptiacus 114 Mountain fruit bat Stenonycteris lanosus 114 Angola fruit bat Lissonycteris angolensis 115 Collared fruit bats Myonycteris (3 species) 115 Epauletted fruit bats Epomophorus (6 species) 116 Hammer bat Hypsignathus monstrosus 116 Singing fruit bats Epomops (3 species) 117 Dwarf epauletted fruit bats Micropteropus (2 species) 118 Tear-drop fruit bats Scotonycteris (2 species) 118 Golden fruit bat Casinycteris argynnis 118 Flying calf Nanonycteris veldkampi 119 Benguela fruit bat Plerotes anchietae 119 Nectar bats Macroglossinae 119 Nectar bat Megaloglossus woermanni 120 Insect bats Microchiroptera 120 Mouse-tailed bats Rhinopomatidae 122 Mouse-tailed bats Rhinopoma (2 species) 122 Sheath-tailed bats Emballonuridae 123 African sheath-tailed bat Coleura afra 123 Tomb bats Taphozous (5 species) 123 Black hawk bat Saccolaimus peli 124 Slit-faced bats Nycteridae 124 Slit-faced bats Nycteris (10 species) 124 large-winged bats Megadermatidae 124 Heart-nosed bat Qardioderma cor 125 Yellow-winged bat Lavia frons 125 Horseshoe bats Rhinolophinae 126 Horseshoe bats Rhinolophus (21 species) 126 Leaf-nosed bats Hipposiderinae 126 Leaf-nosed bats Hipposideros (13 species) 126 Trident leaf-nosed bats Asellia (2 species) 127 Percival's trident bat Cloeotis percivali 127 Persian leaf-nosed bat Triaenops persicus 128 Vesper bats Vespertilionidae 128 Hairy bats Myotis (12 species) 129 Woolly bats Kerivoula (8 species) 130 Barbastelle bats Barbastella (2 species) 130 Butterfly bats Chalinolobus (syn. Glauconycteris) (9 species) 131 X Serotine bats Eptesicus (13 species) 131 Tropical long-eared bats Laephotis (4 species) 132 Moloney's flat-headed bat Mimetillus moloneyi 132 Noctules Nyctalus{3 species) 132 Schlieffen's twilight bat Nyctecius schlieffeni 132 Hempriche's long-eared bat Otonycteris hemprichii 132 Pipistrelles Pipistrellus (16 species) 132 Northern long-eared bat Plecotus austriacus 133 Evening bats Scotoecus (2 species) 133 House bats Scotophilus (5 species) 133 Long-fingered bats Miniopterus (4 species) 134 Free-tailed bats Molossidae 134 Guano bats Tadarida (5 species) 134 Wrinkle-lipped bats Chaerophon (10 species) 135 Mops free-tailed bats Mops (12 species) 135 "Winged-rat' free-tailed bats Myopyerus (2 species) 135 Flat-headed bats Mormopterus (2 species) 136 East African flat-headed bat Platymops setiger 136 Giant mastiff bat Otomops martiensseni 136 INSECTIVORES INSECTIVORA 137 Otter shrews Tenrecidae, Potamogalinae 137 Giant otter shrew Potamogale velox 137 Mount Nimba otter shrew Micropotamogale lamottei 138 Ruwenzori otter shrew Mesopotamogale ruwenzorii 138 Golden moles Chrysochloridae 138 Narrow-headed golden moles Amblysomus (4 species) 139 Yellow golden mole Calcochloris obtusirostris 139 Forty-toothed golden moles Chlorotalpa (5 species) 140 Cape golden moles Chrysochloris (3 species) 140 Giant golden moles Chrysospalax (2 species) 140 Cryptic golden moles Cryptochloris (2 species) 140 Desert golden mole Eremitalpa granti 140 Hedgehogs Erinaceidae 141 African hedgehogs Atelerix (4 species) 141 Long-eared hedgehogs Hemiechinus (2 species) 142 Shrews Soricidae 142 Mouse shrews Myosorex (12 species) 143 Mole shrews Surdisorex (2 species) 143 Congo shrew Congosorex polli 143 Musk shrews Suncus (4 species) 143 Climbing shrews Sylvisorex (10 species) 144 Ruwenzori shrew Ruwenzorisorex suncoides 144 Hero shrew Scutisorex somereni 144 Rodent shrews Paracrocidura (3 species) 145 White-toothed shrews Crocidura (103 species) 145 ELEPHANT SHREWS, OR SENGIS MACROSCELIDEA 147 Soft-furred elephant shrews Macroscelidinae 147 Lesser elephant shrews Elephantulus (10 species) 148 Four-toed elephant shrew Petrodromus tetradactylus 149 Round-eared elephant shrew Macroscelides proboscideus 149 Giant elephant shrews Rhynchocyoninae 150 Chequered elephant shrew Rhynchocyon cirnei 151 Zanj elephant shrew Rhynchocyon petersi 151 Golden-rumped elephant shrew Rhynchocyon chrysopygus 152 xi HARES LAGOMORPHA 152 Hares Leporidae 152 True hares Lepus 153 Cape