HANDBUCH DER ORIENTALISTIK Herausgegeben von B. S p u l e r unter Mitarbeit von C. v a n D ijk, H . F r a n k e , J. G o n d a , H . H a m m it z s g h , W . H e l c k , B. H r o u d a , D. S in o r , J. S t a r g a r d t und F. Vos HANDBUCH DER ORIENTALISTIK ANCIENT JEWISH ART SIEBENTE ABTEILUNG KUNST UND ARCHÄOLOGIE AND ARCHAEOLOGY H erausgegeben v o n J. STARGARDT IN THE LAND OF ISRAEL ERSTER BAND BY DER ALTE VORDERE ORIENT ZWEITER ABSCHNITT RACHEL HACHLILI DIE DENKMÄLER H erausgegeben v o n B. H R O U D A B — VORDERASIEN LIEFERUNG 4 ANCIENT JEWISH ART AND ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE LAND OF ISRAEL *OA B / Ä -Jigs[# ^ M w i A E .J . B R IL L LEIDEN · NEW YORK · K0BENHAVN · KÖLN 1988 TO M Y F AM ILY GAD Publication Data־Library of Congress Cataloging-in GUY,; SIGAL, N IV Hachlili, Rachel. Ancient Jewish art and archaeology in the land of Israel. (Handbuch der Orientalistik. 7. Abteilung, Kunst und Archäologie, ISSN 0169-9474; 1. Bd., Der alte Vordere Orient, 2. Abschnitt, Die Denkmäler, B, Vorderasien, Lfg. 4) Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Palestine—Antiquities. 2. Excavations (Archaeology)—Palestine. 3. Jewish art and symbolism— Palestine. 4. Art, Jewish—Palestine. 5. Synagogue architecture—Palestine. 6. Synagogue art—Palestine. I. Title. II. Series: Handbuch der Orientalistik. Siebente Abteilung, Kunst und Archäologie; 1. Bd., 2. Abschnitt, B, Lfg. 4. DS111.8.H33 1987 933’.05 87-8039 ISBN 90-04-08.115-1 ISSN 0169-9474 ISBN 90 04 08115 a © Copyright 1988 by E. J. Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands A ll rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or translated in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, microfiche or any other means without written permission from the publisher PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS ! ' ; ־! . - 9 CONTENTS List of Figures ................................................................. xi List of Plates .......................... xvn Acknowledgements ........... xx Foreword ............................................ xxi Abbreviations .............. , .............................. xxiv Introduction ....................... .................. — ........... 1 Historical Background ....................... :....................................................................... 3 P a r t O n e JEWISH ART AND ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE SECOND TEMPLE PERIOD I. Architecture....................................... 9 A) Hasmonean Architecture....... 9 B) Herodian Architecture............ 11 1. Characteristic Features...... 13 2. Sources and Influences...... 14 3. MaJor Building ProJects: .. 15 a) The Temple.................... 17 b) Palaces ............................ 32 c) Fortresses......................... 45 d) Jerusalem City Walls ... 51 e) Caesarea H a rb o u r____ 53 4. Other Herodian Structures 55 II. A rt.......................................................................................................... 65 A) Floor Pavements................................................. 65 B) Wall Painting ............................................................................. 67 C) Stucco.......................................................... 71 D) Stone Carving and Stonemasons............................................ 72 E) Motifs.......................................................................................... 79 VIII CONTENTS CONTENTS IX III. Second Temple Period Synagogues 84 2. The Ritual ObJects.................... 256 3. The Ark of the Scrolls....................................................... 272 IV. Funerary Customs and Art 89 4. The C o n ch ............................................................................ 280 A) Burial Customs 89 B) Figurative Art... ........................................... 285 B) Funerary A r t 103 1. Biblical Scenes................................................................. 287 V. Qumran and the Dead Sea Scrolls 120 2. Mythological and Pagan representations....................... 301 A) Qumran 120 3. The Zodiac Panel............................................................... 301 B) The Qumran Library 123 4. Inhabited Scrolls.............. 310 C) Community Customs and Organization — 125 D) The Identification of the Qumran Sect with the Essenes 127 X. Motifs of Jewish Art ................ 317 VI. The Bar Kokhba Period 128 X I. Composition and Style..................................................................... 347 A) Mosaic Floor Composition and Style................. 347 Part T wo B) Relief and Sculpture Composition and Style ............... 364 JEWISH ART AND ARCHAEOLOGY IN LATE ANTIQUITY X II. Origins and Sources of Jewish Art .............................................. 366 A) Oriental Elements in Jewish Art.......................'................. 366 VII. The Synagogue 135 B) Hellenistic-Roman Elements and Sources of Jewish Art. 368 ׳A) The Location of the Synagogue 135 C) Byzantine Elements in Jewish Art......................................... 369 B) The Origin and History of the Synagogue 135 C) The Function of the Synagogue Compared to the Jerusa­ lem Temple 138 X III. A Comparison between Jewish and Christian Art.................. 370 D) The Synagogue and the Community.... 139 A) The Parallel but Separate Development of Synagogue and Church Mosaic Pavements.................... 370 VIII. Synagogue Architecture and Decoration 141 B) A Comparison of Biblical Scenes in both Jewish and A) Characteristic Features of Synagogue Architecture 143 Christian Art ....................................................... 373 1. The Facade 143 C) Architectural Comparison ..................... 374 2. The Torah Shrine: the Focal Point 166 3. The G allery ... 194 X IV. Distinguishing Features of Jewish A rt ........................................ 376 B) Synagogue A r t 199 A) Unidentical Symmetrical Composition................................ 376 1. Architectural Ornamentation 200 B) Iconographically-Decorated Functional Mosaic Floors 379 2. Floor Pavem ents 221 C) Intentional Imperfection in Jewish Funerary A rt............. 380 3. Frescoes 224 C) Synagogue Inscriptions * 225 D) Conclusions 227 X V. Artists and Pattern Books............................................................... 383 A) Artists, Craftsmen and Workshops...................................... 383 IX. Iconography and Symbolism 234 1. Jewish Artists..................................... 386 A) Jewish Symbols 234 2. Beth Shecarim Workshops ................................................ 387 1. The Menorah 236 3. Craftsmen and Workshops............................T................... 388 X CONTENTS B)Pattern Books ............................................................................ 391 1. Pattern Books for Mosaic Pavements .......... 391 LISTS OF FIGURES 2. Jewish Pattern Books............................................................ 393 Chapter 1 X VI. Dating of the Synagogue..................................... · 396 1 The Hasmonean Palace Complex, Jericho (after Netzer 1983: 100). 2 Jerusalem in the Second Temple Period. X VII. Conclusions......................................................................................... 401 3a Plan of the Second Temple. 3b Reconstruction of the Temple on the Temple Mount (after Ben Dov 1982: 98). Bibliography.................................................................................................................... 405 4 Reconstructions of the Temple Mount (after Ben Dov 1982: 98-99). 5 Plan of the Temple Mount (after Avi-Yonah). G lossary............................................................. ............................................................. 417 6 Reconstruction of the Nicanor Gate (after Avi-Yonah). 7a Reconstruction of the Temple facade (after Avi-Yonah 1956: fig. 6). Chronology of the Hasmonean and Herodian Dynasties in the Second 7b The Dura Europos fresco (after Avi-Yonah 1956: fig. 5). Temple Period .................................... ^18 7c The Bar Kokhba Coin (after Avi-Yonah 1956: fig. 4). 8a The Gates at the Western Wall (after Ben-Dov 1983: 141). Index ................................................................. ^19 8b The Eastern Gate of the Temple Mount (after Ben-Dov 1983: pp. 136, 138, 139). 9a-c Huldah Gates, Jerusalem (after Ben Dov 1983: 152). 10 The Winter Palaces at Jericho: The Hasmonean Palace.(a) Herod’s Winter Palace I.(b) Herod’s Plates Winter Palace II.(c) Herod’s Winter Palace III.(d) (after Netzer 1983: 97). 11 Jericho Winter Palace II (after Netzer 1983: 105). 12 Jericho Winter Palace III Complex (after Netzer 1983: 105). 13 Reconstruction of Jericho Winter Palace III (after Netzer 1975: fig. 4). 14 Plan of Greater Herodium (after Netzer 1981a: ill. 85). 15 Herodian Palace-Fortress (after Corbo 1967). 16 Plan of Masada (after Yadin 1965). 17 The Northern Palace-villa, Masada (after Avi-Yonah et al. 1957: fig. 18). 18 The Palaces of Masada. 19 Masada, Western Palace, Royal Wing (a), and Twin Palace of Jericho (b) (after Netzer 1982b: 23). 20 Alexandrium, Plan of Remains (after Tsafrir 1982: 136). 21 Plan of Cypros (after Netzer 1975b: 116). 22 Plan of Machaerus (after Corbo 1980: Fig. 71). 23a,b Jerusalem City Wall (after Ben Dov 1983: 44, 47). 24 Plan of ancient Caesarea harbours after A. Raban, Guide to Sebastos: 1) R om an aqueduct; 2) H ero­ dian main sewer; 3) Byzantine city wall; 4) Roman hippodrome; 5) Hellenistic harbour; 6) City walls of Straton’s tower; 7) City wall; 8) Herodian harbour; 9) Crusader harbour; 10) Later Roman harbour; 11) Roman streets; 12) Fish Market; 13) Roman theatre. 25a,b Jerusalem Houses: a) Residence; b) Palatial