English Section Thirdspace: the Lived Experience Bhanu Kandel Elderly Mistreatment : A Review Nupur Gupta Psychoanalysis: A Study of Human Unconscious Ganga Ram Paudyal Art and Science: A Study of the Symbiosis Prakash Gautam Foreseeing Future Through Past: An Apocalyptic Rajendra Poudel Vision In Bradbury’s A Sound of Thunder 28 Subordinates’ Perception on leadership Style of Branch Indira Shrestha Managers: A Comparative Study among Commercial Bank, Development Bank and Finance Company Study of Role Stress in Employees of Yellow Pagoda Devi Lal Sharma Hotel Translation of Cultural Refernces in Jhaṭāro Dr. Nabaraj Neupane g]kfnL v08 dfWolds g]kfnL kf7\oj|md @)^$ / @)&! sf] t'ngfTds cWoog lji0f'k|;fb zdf{ d}gfnL / sf]O/fnfsf syfdf ;f+:s[lts kIf M t'ngfTds cWoog 8f= nIdLz/0f clwsf/L Editorial Policy 'janapragyamanch' is the annual research journal of Public Campus Teachers' Association, Janapriaya Multiple Campus klAns SofDk; k|fWofks ;+3, g]kfn Public Campus Teachers' Association Unit. hglk|o ax'd'vL SofDk; OsfO{ Janapriya Multiple Campus Unit The authors must take full kf]v/f Pokhara responsibility for the originality, contents and opinions cWoIf Chairman expressed in their articles. gf/fo0fk|;fb kf}8]n Narayan Prasad Paudel Teaching faculties and support pkfWoIf Vice-Chairman service staffs involved ad ;Gtf]if clwsf/L Santosh Adhikari Janapriaya Multiple Campus in researches can have their articles published in the journal. ;lrj Secretary nf]s/fh e08f/L Lokraj bhandari The articles are required to be research mainly on ;x–;lrj Joint-Secretary Management, Economic, ljsf; yfkf Bikash Thapa Literature, Social Science, Linguistics, Politics and Science and Technology. sf]iffWoIf Tresasurer lzn' rfln;] Shilu Chalise Articles should be those, not published anywhere beforehand. ;b:ox? Member an/fd e§/fO{ Balaram Bhattarai The articles must be based on research methodology. g]qk|;fb ;'j]bL Netraprasad Subedi j]bxl/ ltldlN;gf bedhari Timilsina Republication of the articles e'ld/fh zdf{ Bhumiraj Sharma once published in this journal Clif/fd 9sfn Rishram Dhakal is strictly prohibited without r]taxfb'/ kf]v|]n Chet Bahadur Pokharel permission hgk|f1d~r (Janapragyamanch) ISSN: 2594-3197 (Print) jif{ –!% @)&$ Vol. 15 2017 jif{ –!%, @)&$, klAns SofDk; k|fWofks ;ª\3, hglk|o ax'd'vL PsfO, kf]v/f Regd. No.: 62/057 lh= k|= sf= sf:sL hgk|f1d~r (Janapragyamanch) jif{ –!%, @)&$ Vol. 15, 2017 ;Dkfbs b]jLnfn zdf{ ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldlt k|f=8f= ljsf; s'df/ s]=;L= ;b:ox? ;xk|f=8f= nIdLz/0f clwsf/L pk k|f= efg' sF8]n k|sfzs klAns SofDk; k|fWofks ;ª\3 hglk|o ax'd'vL SofDk; PsfO, kf]v/f Public Campus Teachers' Association Janapriya Multiple Campus Unit, Pokhara Editor Devi lal Sharma Advisory Board Co-Ordinator Prof. Dr. Vikash Kumar K.C. Associate Prof. Dr. Laxmi Sharan Adhikari Lecture Bhanu Kandel Publisher Public Campus Teachers' Association Janapriya Multiple Campus Unit, Pokhara Phone : 00977-61-522287, 531822, 535287 Fax : 00977-61-522287 E-mail : [email protected] Website : www.janapriya.edu.np Printed at Himalaya Offset Press, Nayabazar-9, Pokhara Phone : 061-532508 E-mail : [email protected] Contents English Section Thirdspace: the Lived Experience Bhanu Kandel 1 Elderly Mistreatment : A Review Dr. Ram Prasad Aryal 9 Psychoanalysis: A Study of Human Ganga Ram Paudyal 16 Unconscious Art and Science: A Study of the Symbiosis Prakash Gautam 22 Foreseeing Future Through Past: An Rajendra Poudel 28 Apocalyptic Vision In Bradbury’s A Sound of Thunder 28 Subordinates’ Perception on leadership Style Indira Shrestha 38 of Branch Managers: A Comparative Study among Commercial Bank, Development Bank and Finance Company Study of Role Stress in Employees of Yellow Devi Lal Sharma 51 Pagoda Hotel Translation of Cultural Refernces in Jhaṭāro Dr. Nabaraj Neupane 72 g]kfnL v08 dfWolds g]kfnL kf7\oj|md @)^$ / @)&! sf] t'ngfTds lji0f'k|;fb zdf{ *$ cWoog d}gfnL / sf]O/fnfsf syfdf ;f+:s[lts kIf M t'ngfTds 8f= nIdLz/0f clwsf/L (# cWoog Thirdspace: the Lived Experience Bhanu Kandel Lecturer of English ABSTRACT People have different lived experience in the society. Discrimination of some kind has been a permanent and almost unalienable feature of every modern society. Even in the post-colonial era, people are colonized somehow or the other. There are different grounds for othering or thirding the people around the world in different societies in different forms like race, religion, class, gender and caste creating the firstspace, secondspace and thirdspace among the people. The social system has created certain boundaries and obstacles, the secondspace, conceived space, through which some people are barred from reaching the firstspace which creates the thirdspace, lived experience, among the people barred from getting entry into the firstspace. MLA has been taken the help of in referencing and the theory of origin of caste and its orientation has been of great use in preparing the article. The readers will be aware of the implicit intention of the writer that the third space pervades the human society and lived experience of the people whether it is political, religio-cultural or social institution. Key Words: caste, firstspace, secondspace, thirdspace, lived experience, othering, thirding Introduction People have different lived experience in the society whether one has the direct approach to the first space, whatever the kind it is, or one has been detained from experience the first space due to the norms, values and principles of secondspace created by the people to keep the person or group from reaching the firstspace. One might have thirdspace experience of a certain fristspace though the person has experienced fristspace in some sector/ aspect of the social life. The people who have never experienced the firstspace in the society feel that they are the ones who are discriminated and devoid of power, which provides one with the opportunity to be in the 1 mainstream of the society. As Virginia Agostinelli has observed Contemporary critical studies have recently emphasized and redefined the role of space and more specifically, the spatiality of human life as a fundamental existential dimension which interweaves with the traditional historical-social modes of epistemological interpretation. Edward Soja has drawn upon the simplistic traditional dualism of historicality and sociality and elaborated a new radical postmodern way of thinking about real-and-imagined places. With the introduction to the notion of “thirdspace, ” a term that is purposely provisional, Soja has challenged the modernist either/ or logic (Soja 5) and contemplated instead (the possibility of) the existence of a new place of critical exchange. This innovative “strategic location, ” as Soja puts it, combines and transcends the dialectics of conceived/ lived and center/ periphery, ultimately allowing for “a radically different way of looking at, interpreting, and acting to change the embracing spatiality of human life” (Soja 29). Henri Lefebvre, whose conception of representational space has had a diverse interpretation by different scholars, had already started to question the rigidity and effectiveness of a categorical conceptual dualism. In this regard, while “travel[ ling] through Lefebvre’s biography as a geographical expedition” (Soja 29), Soja notices: …the construction of compelling binary oppositions…[ is] categorically closed to new, unanticipated possibilities. Two terms are never enough, [ Lefebvre] would repeatedly write. Il y a toujours l’Autre. There is always the Other, a third term that disrupts, disorders, and begins to reconstitute the conventional binary opposition into an-Other that comprehends but is more than just the sum of two parts. (Soja 30-1) Accordingly, Soja’s concept of thirdspace combines spatiality, historicality and sociality. It is “an-Other” way of (politically) understanding and possibly modifying the spatiality of human life through the critical awareness generated by a re-balanced/ restructured “‘cumulative’ trialectics that is radically open to additional otherness, and to a continuing expansion of spatial knowledge” (Soja, 1996: 61). Soja’s innovative perspective of “thirding-as-othering” opens up a new real-and-imaginary critical space where issues of race, class and gender can be addressed concurrently. Method This research paper has been prepared on the basis of secondary data and it is a library based study. Certainly, therefore, no field work has been 2 carried out but books, journals, magazines and electronic materials have been consulted as far as they are available and appropriate. Theory of Thirdspace : The Lived Experience Edward Soja, a Kenyan cultural geographer, has created his own theory of 'Third space' in his book The Political organization of Space (1971) in which he talks of firstpace, secondspace and thirdspace. His book has aimed at opening up new perspectives on space and spatiality using "a critical strategy of 'thirding-as-othering' to create his tripartite spatial theory, as well as to assert the interdependent relationship of sociality, historicity, and spatiality (5, 8-12). Soja's thirdspace is not only appropriate but also applicable in the study and discussion of socio-cultural discrimination practiced in every society, though his theoretical framework and application are embedded in Western thought and scholarship. The theory of thirdspace depends on the triad of perceived, conceived and lived space, and also his translation of this triad into spatial practices, representation of space, and spaces of representation (Stanek 1). According to Soja, what Lefebvre describes as 'perceived space' or the product of 'spatial practice' is the firstspace, "the spatial practice of a society secretes that society's space (Lefebure 38). Soja describes it that spatial practice is “ the process of producing the material form of social spatiality" and is therefore, " both the medium and outcome of human activity, behavior and experience" (Soja 66). The product of spatial practice is Firstspace or "materialized, socially produced, empirical space…. perceived space, directly sensible to open, within limits, to accurate measurement and description" (Soja 66).