Generations are among the most powerful forces in history. Tracking their march through time lends order -and even a measure of predictability -to long-term trends. by Neil Howe and William Strauss URINGTHE MIDDLEAGES, travelers reported an unusual ears of a young child to make sure he remembered that event all his life. Like those medieval villagers, each of us carries deeply felt as- sociations with various events in our lives. For Americans, Pearl Harbor, the Kennedy and King assassinations,the Challenger explosion, and 9/11 are burned into our consciousness;it is im- "E possible to forget what we were doing at the time. As we grow "c: :> older, we realize that the sum total of such events has in many 'cO ways made us who we are. Exactly how they affected us is related ~ to how old we were when they occurred. hbr.org I July-August 2007 I Harvard Business Review 41 MANAGING FORTHE LONG TERM I BIG PICTURE I The Next 20 Years This is what constitutes a generation: launched a "consciousness revolution" what public events they witnessed in It is shaped by events or circumstances to demand that their war-hero elders adolescence, and what social mission according to which phase of life its mem- live up to higher moral standards. they took on as they came of age. bers occupy at the time. ,As each gen- Twenty years later u.s. campuses Our focus as scholars has been on eration agesinto the next phase -from experienced another surprising shift. understanding generational personae youth to young adulthood to midlife to The Wall Streetjournal noted in 1990, and how they come together in soci- elderhood -its attitudes and behaviors "It is college presidents, deans, and ety to create a national character that mature, producing new currents in the faculties -not students -who are the continually evolves as new generations public mood. In other words, people zealots and chief enforcers of Political emerge and old ones pass away. This would be a fascinating study even if it were solely for the Rather than puzzling over why 20-year-olds were self-absorbed purposes of historical un- I ' . h 1960 b b d . k h . d derstanding. But its value is mora Izers In t e s ut are usy an rls -averse ac IE~vers to ay,., lar great er than that. What one must recognize them as members of distinct genera1:ions. we have found is that gen- erations shaped by similar early-life experiences often do not "belong" to their age brackets. Correctness."This batch of students, develop similar collective personae A woman of 40 today has less in com- GenerationX, wasborn during the con- and follow similar life trajectories. The mon with 40-year-oldwomen across sciousnessrevolution. The children of patterns are strong enough to support the agesthan with the restof hergener- divorce,latchkeys, and ad hoc daycare, a measure of prediCtability. Historical ation, whichis united by memories,lan- they showedmuch lessideological pas- precedent makes it possible to foresee guage,habits, beliefs, and life lessons. sionthan their eldersand brought a new how the generations alive today will Generationsfollow observablehis- pragmatismto the nation'scampuses. think and act in decadesto come. torical patterns and thus offer a very Todaygraying college leaders on the In this article we will share some powerful tool for predicting future vergeof retirement continue to carry highlights of our ongoing effort to do trends.To anticipatewhat 40-year-olds the ideologicaltorch, crusading for vari- just that. For businesspeoplewho man- will be like 20 years from now, don't ous causesin ways that often irritate age operations or sell products in the look at today's 40-year-olds;look at their youngerGen X colleagues.Mean- United States,the analysis offered here today's20-year-olds. while, undergraduates are showing has enormous implications for strate- Peopleof a givenage may vary quite yet another generational personality: gic planning, brand positioning, and dramaticallyfrom erato era. Recall,for The membersof this rising Millennial management of the workplace. (More example, Sproul Hall at UC Berkeley Generationtend to be upbeat,team- broadly, of course, it informs discus- in 1964and the studentswearing com- oriented, close to their parents,and sions of war and peace and America's puter punch cards that proclainled confident about their future. Unlike capacity to face its most difficult chal- "I Am a Student! Do Not Fold,Spindle, Boomers,they do not want to "teach lenges,) For executives in other coun- or Mutilate!" They were mocking the the worldto sing."Unlike GenXers.they tries, the analysis suggests insights automated treatment the university don't "just do it" -they plan ahead. that might also be gained in their parts was supposedlygiving them. In the Ratherthan puzzling over why 20- of the world: the insights that come yearsafter World War II, Americanshad year-oldswere self-absorbed moralizers from seeing change through the lens grown usedto the Silent Generation's in the 196osbut arebusy and risk-averse of generations. conformistcollege students. Now a new achieverstoday, one must recognize generationwas arriving: the babyboom them as members of distinct genera- The Generational Constellation raisedin the aftermath of the war. By tions. To learn why they (or any two Any society is the sum of its parts -the the end of the 1960sthese confronta- generations)are different,one can look generations that coexist at that mo- tional, megaphone-totingstudents had at how they were raised as children, ment in time. America today combines six. (Nineteen generationshave come of Neil Howe ([email protected]) and William Strauss ([email protected]) are age since the time of the Mayflower; in the authors of Generations: The History of America's Future, 1584 to 2069 (1991). The the 1620S.See the exhibit "America asa Fourth Turning: An American Prophecy (1997), and Mi//ennials Rising: The Next Great Gen- Sequenceof Generations" for details.) eration (2000), among other books. and are the founding partners of LifeCourse Associates, The GI Generation (born 1901-1924, a publishing, speaking, and consulting company in Great Falls, Virginia. Visit hbr.org for addi- now age 83-106)arrived after the Great tional analysis by the authors regarding how current generations will rise to a national crisis. Awakening of the late nineteenth cen- 42 Harvard Business Review I July-August 2007 I hbr.org tury. Zealouslyprotected by progressive- -~ era parents, its members enjoyed a I "good kid" reputation and accounted I for the sharpest rise in school achieve- ment ever recorded. As-young adults, I they were the first Miss Americas and all-American athletes. In midlife they built up the postwar "affluent society," erecting suburbs, inventing miracle vaccines, plugging missile gaps, and launching moon rockets. Though they ! defended stable families and conven- tional mores, no generation in the his- tory of polling got along worse with its own children. They were greatly in- vested in civic life, and focused more on actions and behavior than on values and beliefs. Their unprecedented grip on the presidency (1961through 1992) began with the New Frontier, the Great Society, and Model Cities, but encom- I passedVietnam, Watergate, Iran-contra, and budget deficits. As "senior citizens" (a term popularized to describe them), the GIs safeguardedtheir "entitlements" but had little influence over culture and values. Early in this century they were honored with memorials, films, and books. Roughly half of those still alive rock and rollers, antiwar leaders, femi- were the indulged products of postwar are in dependent care. nists, public-interest lawyers, and men- optimism, Tomorrowland rationalism, The Silent Generation (born 1925- tors for young firebrands. They were and a Father Knows Best family order. 1942, now age 65-82) grew up as the America's moms and dads during the Though community spirit was strong seen-but-not-heard Little Rascals and divorce epidemic. They rose to political during their youth, the older genera- Shirley Temples of the Great Depres- power after Watergate, their congres- tions were determined to raise young sion and World War II. Its members sional behavior characterized by a push people who would never follow a Hitler, came of age just too late to be war he- toward institutional complexity and a a Stalin, or a Big Brother. Coming of roes and just too early to be youthful vast expansion of the legal process.To age, Boomers loudly proclaimed their free spirits. Instead they became, like date they are the first generation never scorn for the secular blueprints of their James Dean, "rebels without a cause," to elect a u.s. president or to appoint a parents -institutions, civic participa- part of a "lonely crowd" of risk-averse chief justice of the Supreme Court. As tion, and team playing -while seeking technicians in an era in which early elders, they have focused on discussion, inner life, self-perfection, and deeper marriage, the invisible handshake,and inclusion, and process(as with the Iraq meaning. The notion of a melting pot, climbing the career ladder seemed to Study Group's list of 79 recommenda- the full-time mom, the suburbs and big guarantee success.As gray-flannel con- tions) but not on decisive action. Ben- auto at home, and the troops and dom- formists, they acceptedthe institutional efiting more than other generations ino theory abroad all came under their civic life and conventional culture of have or will from ample late-in-life pay- withering criticism. During the Boom- the GIs until the mid-1960s,when they outs (defined-benefit pensions, retiree ers' youth, crime rates,substance abuse, stopped taking their cues from those health care, golden parachutes), they and sexual risk taking all surged while higher up on the age ladder and started have entered retirement with a hip life- academic achievement and SAT scores looking down -following Bob Dylan's style and unprecedented affluence.