-454 NON-WOOD FORESTFOREST PRODUCTSPRODUCTS \ 1 7 Wild edibleedible fungifungi A global overview ofof their use and importance toto peoplepeople 'dug "4E4 4- ol4 NON-WOOD0\ -WOOD FORESTFOREST PRODUCTSPRODUCTS 1717 Wild edibleedible fungifungi A global overview of thetheirir use and importance to peoplepeople by Eric Boa FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONSNATIONS RomeRome,, 2004 This paper discusses some traditional and contemporarycontemporary usesuses ofof fungi fungi asas foodfood oror in in medicine. medicine. ThisThis materialmaterial isis pre-pre­ sented for information only and does not implyimply endorsementendorsement by the author oror byby FAO.FAO. UseUse ofof thesethese productsproducts isis not recommended unlessunless takentaken underunder thethe care care andand guidanceguidance ofof aa qualifiedqualified expert or physician. Reports of edible and poisonous speciesspecies are based on named sources. The accuracy of this information lieslies with thesethese original sources. Transport of some fungi across international boundariesboundaries maymay posepose aa risk of accidental introductionintroduction of insects or other potentially destructivedestructive agents.agents. It isis recommended that anyoneanyone planningplanning toto movemove fungi across international boundaries check with appropriate authorities in thethe country fromfrom wherewhere thethe productsproducts areare toto bebe exportedexported andand thethe countries into which the products areare toto bebe importedimported forfor import import perrmit perrmit requirements, requirements, phytosanitaryphytosanitary certificatescertificates or restrictionsrestrictions that mightmight apply.apply. Movement of certain fungi or other non-wood forestforest productsproducts acrossacross internationalinternational boundaries may be subject toto tradetrade restrictionsrestrictions (both(both tarifftariff andand non-tariff).non-tariff). AppropriateAppropriate authoritiesauthorities shouldshould bebe contactedcontacted prior toto plannedplanned move-move­ ment of any of these products acrossacross internationalinternational boundaries.boundaries. AA reviewreview of tradetrade restrictionsrestrictions affectingaffecting international trade in non-wood forest products maymay be found in:in: FAO 1995. Trade restrictions affecting affecting international international trade trade inin non-wood forestforest products,products, byby M.M. Iqbal. Non-wood Forest Products, No.No.8. 8. Rome.Rome. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product dodo notnot implyimply thethe expressionexpression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.boundaries. ISBN 92-5-105157-7 All rights reserved. Reproduction andand disseminationdissemination ofof materialmaterial in thisthis informationinformation product for educational or other non-commercial purposes areare authorizedauthorized withoutwithout any prior written permissionpermission fromfrom thethe copyrightcopyright holdersholders providedprovided thethe sourcesource isis fullyfully acknowledged. ReproductionReproduction of material in this information product for resale or other commercial purposespurposes isis prohibitedprohibited without written permissionpermission of the copyright holders.holders. Applications for such permission should bebe addressedaddressed to:to: Chief Publishing Management ServiceService Information Division FAO Viale delledelle TermeTerme didi Caracalla, 00100 Rome,Rome, Italy or bybye-mail e-mail to: copyright@[email protected] © FAO 20042004 iiiUI CONTENTS .. ForewordForeword Vllvii AbbreviationsAbbreviations Vlllviii AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements IixX SummarSummaryy xiX l 1 Introduction: settingsetting thethe scenescene 1 1.1 GeneralGeneral importance 1 1.2 Traditions and history ofof useuse 2 1.3 PurposePurpose andand structurestructure ofof the publication 4 1.4 SourcesSources of of informationinformation 5 2 Characteristics: biology,biology, ecology, uses, cultivationcultivation 7 2.1 WhatWhat areare fungi? 7 2.2 IdentificationIdentification 10 22.3.3 MajorMajor groupsgroups ofof wild fungi 13 2.4 EdibilityEdibility andand poisonouspoisonous fungi 17 2.5 CultivationCultivation of edibleedible fungi 20 3 Management: wild edibleedible fungi,fungi, trees,trees, forestforest usersusers 25 3.1 Multiple useuse ofof forests: forests: issuesissues and conflictsconflicts 25 3.2 RegulatingRegulating collectioncollection 26 3.3 CollectorsCollectors andand locallocal practicespractices 28 3.4 HarvestingHarvesting methodsmethods andand approachesapproaches 31 3.5 MeasuringMeasuring productionproduction 33 3.6 PracticalPractical planning:planning: towardstowards sustainablesustainable productionproduction 35 4 Importance to people: food, income,income, trade 41 4.1 WildWild edibleedible fungifungi andand livelihoodslivelihoods 41 44.2.2 NutritionNutrition andand healthhealth benefitsbenefits 43 4.3 LocalLocal marketingmarketing andand incomeincome 47 4.4 NationalNational andand internationalinternational tradetrade 49 5 Realizing thethe potential: prospects,prospects, actions, opportunities 59 55.1.1 KeyKey facts 59 5.2 GeneralGeneral constraintsconstraints 5959 5.3 ResearchResearch priorities:priorities: wildwild edible fungi 60 5.4 EffectiveEffective managementmanagement 61 5.5 CommercializationCommercialization and cultivation 63 5.6 TheThe future for wildwild edibleedible fungifungi 64 6 SourcesSources of advice and informationinformation 67 6.1 MycologicalMycological expertiseexpertise 67 6.2 FieldField guidesguides to wild (edible)(edible) fungi 67 IViv 6.3 InformationInformation on on medicinal medicinal and and poisonous poisonous mushroomsmushrooms 69 6.4 WebWeb sitessites 70 7 ReferencesReferences 71 Annexes 1 Summary ofof thethe importance ofof wildwild edible fungi byby regionregion and country 89 Africa 90 Asia 93 Europe 96 North and CentralCentral AmericaAmerica 99 Oceania 101 South America 102 2 Country records ofof wildwild useful fungi (edible,(edible, medicinal and other uses)uses) 103 3 A global list ofof wildwild fungi fungi used used asas food,food, saidsaid toto bebe edibleedible or with medicinalmedicinal propertiesproperties 131 4 Edible andand medicinalmedicinal fungifungi that cancan be cultivated 143 5 Wild edibleedible fungifungi soldsold inin locallocal marketsmarkets 145 v TABLES 1 Numbers ofof species of of wild wild edibleedible and medicinal fungi 1 2 Disciplines andand areas areas of of activity activity containing containing informationinformation on wild usefuluseful fungi 2 3 Plant families withwith edibleedible ectomycorrhizalectomycorrhizal fungi 9 4 Preferred (current of "correct")"correct") namesnames of economicallyeconomically important wild fungi 12 5 Important generagenera of wildwild fungifungi with with notes notes on on uses uses andand tradetrade 14 6 Fungi withwith conflicting reports on edibility 16 7 Incidents of largelarge scale poisoningpoisoning causedcaused by by consumption consumption of of wildwild fungifungi 19 8 Sale ofof permits for collectingcollecting nnatsutakematsutake in Winema NationalNational Forest,Forest, Oregon, 1997-20021997-2002 28 9 Collecting wild fungifungi in in the the United United Republic Republic of of Tanzania, Tanzania, Mexico,Mexico, thethe RussianRussian Federation, Bhutan, Finland, IndiaIndia andand ChinaChina 30 10 YieldsYields of wildwild edibleedible fungi fromfrom differentdifferent countries countries 33 11 National production of wild edibleedible fungi 34 12 PreparingPreparing managementmanagement guidelines forfor wild edible fungi 35 13 Ethnoscientific studiesstudies of of wildwild fungifungi with edibleedible andand medicinalmedicinal propertiesproperties 43 14 NutritionalNutritional composition composition ofof some some wildwild edibleedible fungifungi 44 15 EstimatedEstimated nutritionalnutritional values values ofof some some edibleedible fungifungi 46 16 AA generalgeneral comparisoncomparison of nutritionalnutritional values values ofof variousvarious foods compared toto mushrooms 46 17 PropertiesProperties andand featuresfeatures ofof 25 25 majormajor medicinal medicinal mushroomsmushrooms 48 18 Local collectioncollection marketingmarketing and use ofof wildwild edible fungi 50 19 WorldWorld productionproduction of of cultivated cultivated mushrooms mushrooms 52 20 ValueValue ofof wildwild useful useful fungifungi collectedcollected byby country of origin 52 21 Matsutake 1:1: domestic production andand importsimports inin tonnestonnes toto Japan, Japan, 1950-99 53 22 MatsutakeMatsutake 2: 2: exports exports to to Japan Japan inin tonnes tonnes by by various various countries,countries, 1993-971993-97 53 23 MatsutakeMatsutake 3: 3: value val ue of of exports exports to to Japan Japan by by various various countries,countries, 1993-971993-97 54 24 VolumeVolume of of exports exports of of named named wildwild edible edible fungi fungi from from selected selected countries countries 54 25 InformationInformation needs needs and and issues issues concerningconcerning sustainablesustainable useuse ofof wild edibleedible fungi 62 26 SourcesSources of technical advice andand informationinformation on wild edibleedible fungi 68 27 Field guides andand WebWeb sitessites for for identifyingidentifying macrofungimacrofungi andand