Scientific ISSN: 2150-4091 (Print), 2150-4105 (Online) Volume 2, Number 4, April 2010 Research Natural Science I S S N : 2 1 5 0 - 4 0 9 1 Editor-in-Chief Kuo-Chen Chou Wwww.scirp.org/journal/ns/ 9 772150 409002 40 ISSN: 2150-4091 (Print) ISSN: 2150-4105 (Online) Hhttp://www.scirp.org/journal/ns/ Prof. Kuo-Chen Chou Gordon Life Science Institute, San Diego, California, USA Editorial Advisory Board Prof. James J. Chou Harvard Medical School, USA Prof. Reba Goodman Columbia University, USA Dr. Robert L. Heinrikson Proteos, Inc., USA Prof. Robert H. Kretsinger University of Virginia, USA Dr. P. Martel Chalk River Laboratories, AFCL Research, Canada Dr. Michael Mross Vermont Photonics Technologies Corp., USA Prof. Harold A. Scheraga Baker Laboratory of Chemistry, Cornell University, USA Editorial Board Dr. Fridoon Jawad Ahmad University of the Punjab, Pakistan Prof. Hakan Arslan Mersin University,, Turkey Dr. Giangiacomo Beretta University of Milan, Italy Dr. Bikas K. Chakrabarti Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, India Dr. Brian Davis Research Foundation of Southern California, USA Dr. Mohamadreza B. Eslaminejad DCell Sciences Research Center, Royan Institute, Iran Dr. Marina Frontasyeva Frank Laboratory of Neutron, Russia Dr. Neelam Gupta National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, India Dr. Ignacy Kitowski Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Poland Dr. Andrzej Komosa Faculty of Chemistry, M. Curie-Sklodowska University, Poland Dr. Yohichi Kumaki Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, USA Dr. Petr Kuzmic BioKin Ltd., USA Dr. Ping Lu Communications Research Centre, Canada Dr. Dimitrios P. Nikolelis University of Athens, Greece Dr. Caesar Saloma University of the Philippines Diliman, Philippines Prof. Kenji Sorimachi Dokkyo Medical University, Japan Dr. Swee Ngin Tan Nanyang Technological University, Singapore Dr. Fuqiang Xu National Magnetic Resonance Research Center, China Dr. Weizhu Zhong Pfizer Global Research and Development, USA Managing Executive Editor Dr. Feng Liu Scientific Research Publishing, USA Email: [email protected] Managing Production Editor Fiona Qu Scientific Research Publishing, USA Email: [email protected] Guest Reviewers (According to Alphabet) Salvador Alfaro Fan Peng Jamshed Hussain Zaidi Takayuki Ban Mohd.Yusri bin Abd.Rahman Nenghui Zhang Marina Frontasyeva Ruediger Schweiss Hongzhi Zhong Rafael Luque Shahida Waheed Junwu Zhu Vol.2, No.4, 247-417 (2010) Natural Science TABLE OF CONTENTS Volume 2, Number 4, April 2010 Genetic structure associated with diversity and geographic distribution in the USDA rice world collection H. A. Agrama, W. G. Yan, M. Jia, R. Fjellstrom, A. M. McClung………………………………………………………………247 DNA damage in hemocytes of Schistocerca gregaria (Orthoptera: Acrididae) exposed to contaminated food with cadmium and lead H. A. Yousef, A. Afify, H. M. Hasan, A. A. Meguid……………………………………………………………………………292 Wave processes-fundamental basis for modern high technologies V. S. Krutikov……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………298 The thermoanalytical, infrared and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometric sifting of poly (methyl methacrylate) in the presence of phosphorus tribromide M. Arshad, K. Masud, M. Arif, S. Rehman, J. H. Zaidi, M. Arif, A. Saeed, T. Yasin…………………………………………………307 Sufficient noise and turbulence can induce phytoplankton patchiness H. Serizawa, T. Amemiya, K. Itoh………………………………………………………………………………………………320 Orbital effects of Sun’s mass loss and the Earth’s fate L. Iorio……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………329 Application of analytic functions to the global solvabilty of the Cauchy problem for equations of Navier-Stokes A. Durmagambetov………………………………………………………………………………………………………………338 Effect of Ba2+ in BNT ceramics on dielectric and conductivity properties K. S. Rao, K. C. V. Rajulu, B. Tilak, A. Swathi…………………………………………………………………………………357 Interfacial control on microstructure, morphology and optics of beta-AgI nanostructures fabricated on sputter-disordered Ag-Sn bilayers D. B. Mohan, C. S. Sunandana……………………………………………………………………………………………………368 A nonmonotone adaptive trust-region algorithm for symmetric nonlinear equations G. L. Yuan, C. L. Chen, Z. X. Wei………………………………………………………………………………………………373 Study the effect of formulation variables in the development of timed-release press-coated tablets by Taguchi design C. Narendra, M. S. Srinath………………………………………………………………………………………………………379 The multiplicity of particle production from hadron-hadron and nucleus-nucleus interaction A. A. A. Al-Haydari, M. T. Hussein……………………………………………………………………………………………388 Gauge boson mass generation–without Higgs–in the scalar strong interaction hadron theory F. C. Hoh…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………398 Review: the charnockite problem, a twenty first century perspective S. Bhattacharya…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………402 Overview of flooding damages and its destructions: a case study of Zonguldak-Bartin basin in Turkey H. Arman, I. Yuksel, L. Saltabas, F. Goktepe, M. Sandalci………………………………………………………………………409 Copyright © 2010 SciRes. Openly accessible at http://www.scirp.org/journal/NS/ Natural Science Journal Information SUBSCRIPTIONS The Natural Science (Online at Scientific Research Publishing, www.SciRP.org) is published monthly by Scientific Research Publishing, Inc., USA. Subscription rates: Print: $50 per copy. 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PRODUCTION INFORMATION For manuscripts that have been accepted for publication, please contact: E-mail: [email protected] Vol.2, No.4, 247-291 (2010) Natural Science doi:10.4236/ns.2010.24036 Genetic structure associated with diversity and geographic distribution in the USDA rice world collection Hesham A. Agrama1, WenGui Yan2*, Melissa Jia2, Robert Fjellstrom2, Anna M. McClung2 1University of Arkansas, Rice Research and Extension Center, Stuttgart, USA 2USDA-ARS, Dale Bumpers National Rice Research Center, Stuttgart, USA; [email protected] Received 14 December 2009; revised 13 January 2010; accepted 26 January 2010. ABSTRACT geographic regions of the world. Cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) is structured Keywords: Genetic Structure; Rice Ancestry; into five genetic groups, indica, aus, tropical Germplasm Collection; Molecular Diversity; Global japonica, temperate japonica and aromatic. Distribution Genetic characterization of rice germplasm collections will enhance their utilization by the global research community for improvement of 1. INTRODUCTION rice. The USDA world collection of rice germ- plasm that was initiated in 1904 has resulted in Rice (Oryza sativa L) is one of the earliest domesticated over 18,000 accessions from 116 countries, but crop species and has become the one of the world’s most their ancestry information is not available. A widely grown crops. Rice consumption constitutes about core subset, including 1,763 accessions repre- 20% of the world’s caloric intake, and in Asian countries, senting the collection, was genotyped using 72 where over half of the world’s population lives, rice genome-wide SSR markers, and analyzed for represents over 50% of the calories consumed [1]. Be- genetic structure, genetic relationship, global cause of its small genome size, rice became the first crop distribution and genetic diversity. Ancestry species to have its genome completely sequenced [2,3] analysis proportioned this collection to 35% and thus has become a model system for other grass spe- indica, 27% temperate japonica, 24% tropical cies. japonica, 10% aus and 4% aromatic. Graphing Oryza rufipogon, a member of more than 20 wild spe- model-based ancestry coefficients demon- cies in the genus Oryza [4,5], is commonly regarded as strated that tropical japonica showed up mainly the wild progenitor of cultivated rice, O. sativa, which is in the American continents and part of the South divided into two sub-species: indica and japonica. In- Pacific and Oceania, and temperate japonica in dica is the predominant subspecies