Meta-survey on the Use of Technologies in EDU CAT ION in Asia and the Pacific edited by Glen Farrell, Ph.D and Cédric Wachholz Meta-survey on the Use of Technologies in Education in Asia and the Pacific 2003-2004 Edited by Glen Farrell, Ph.D. and Cédric Wachholz © UNESCO 2003 272pp. 1. Educational technology. 2. Information technology. 3. ICT. 4. Communication technology. 5. Asia and the Pacific. I. Farrell, Glen, ed. II. Wachholz, Cédric, ed. 371.334 Published in 2003 by the UNESCO Asia and Pacific Regional Bureau for Education P.O. Box 967, Prakanong Post Office Bangkok 10110, Thailand www.unescobkk.org Printed in Bangkok, Thailand Design and Layout: Lowil Fred Espada ISBN 92-9223-010-7 The author [or institution] is responsible for the choice and the presentation of the facts contained in this book and for the opinions expressed therein, which are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the Organization. The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. TTable of contents Contributing Authors iv Preface v Acknowledgements vi I. Introduction 1 II. Regional Perspectives 3 An Overview of Developments and Trends in the Application of Information and Communication Technologies in Education by Glen M. Farrell, Ph.D 4 Gender-Based Issues and Trends in ICT Applications in Education in Asia and the Pacific by Lyndsay Green 29 III. Country Reports 41 Central and South West Asia 041 Afghanistan by Hilary Perraton, Ph.D 043 Central Asia: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan by Hilary Perraton, Ph.D 049 Islamic Republic of Iran by Tohid Sadeghnezhad 059 Pakistan by Hilary Perraton, Ph.D 065 East and South-East Asia 071 Cambodia by PREL 073 China by Chen Li, Ph.D 079 Democratic People’s Republic of Korea by Jung-Soon Hahn, Ph.D 085 Indonesia by Tian Belawati, Ph.D 089 Japan by Aya Yoshida, Ph.D 095 Lao People’s Democratic Republic by PREL 101 Malaysia by Tian Belawati, Ph.D 107 Mongolia by Sukhbaatar Engkhjargal and Lkhagvasuren Ariunaa 111 00Myanmar by PREL 117 00Philippines by Tian Belawati, Ph.D 121 00Republic of Korea by Jung-Soon Hahn, Ph.D 129 00Thailand by Tian Belawati, Ph.D 137 00Viet Nam by Tian Belawati, Ph.D 143 Pacific Island Countries 147 13Australia by Som Naidu, Ph.D. and Carol Jasen 149 13Cook Islands by Ruby Vaa, Ph.D 157 ii Table of Contents 13Fiji by Salanieta Bakalevu, Ph.D. and Anare Tuitoga 163 13Kiribati by Ruby Vaa, Ph.D 169 13Marshall Islands by Ruby Vaa, Ph.D 173 13Federated States of Micronesia by PREL 177 13Nauru by Ruby Vaa, Ph.D 183 13New Zealand by Thomas Prebble, Ph.D 187 13Niue by Ruby Vaa, Ph.D 193 13Palau by PREL 197 13Papua New Guinea by Ruby Vaa, Ph.D 203 13Samoa by Ruby Vaa, Ph.D 207 13Solomon Islands by PREL 213 13Timor Leste by PREL 217 13Tonga by Ruby Vaa, Ph.D 221 13Tuvalu by Ruby Vaa, Ph.D 225 13Vanuatu by Ruby Vaa, Ph.D 229 South Asia 233 13Bangladesh by Usha Reddi, Ph.D and Vineeta Sinha 235 13Bhutan by Usha Reddi, Ph.D and Vineeta Sinha 241 13India by Usha Reddi, Ph.D and Vineeta Sinha 245 Maldives by Usha Reddi, Ph.D and Vineeta Sinha 253 13Nepal by Usha Reddi, Ph.D and Vineeta Sinha 257 Sri Lanka by Usha Reddi, Ph.D and Vineeta Sinha 261 IV. Integrating ICTs in Education in Asia and the Pacific: Trends and Observations by Glen Farrell, Ph.D. and Cédric Wachholz 265 iiiii Contributing authors Ms Lkhagvasuren Ariunaa, Civil Society Programs Mr Tom Prebble, Ph.D., is a Professor of Higher Education, Director is affiliated with Mongolian Foundation for Open Massey University, New Zealand. Society (Soros Foundation). PREL – Pacific Resources for Education and Learning Ms Salanieta Bakalevu works as an Instructional Designer at the Distance & Flexible Learning Support Centre of the Mr Thomas Barlow is the President and CEO of University of the South Pacific in Suva, Fiji. PREL - Pacific Resources for Education and Learning. Ms Tian Belawati, Ph.D., Vice Rector for Academic Affairs, is affiliated with Universitas Terbuka (Indonesia Open Mr Steve Baxendale is the Program Director of University). PRELStar. Mr Sukhbaatar Enkhjargal, Executive Director is affiliated Mr Andrew Kerr is the Associate Director of the with MIDAS NGO (Mongolian Information Development Pacific Regional Technology in Education Association). More information at web: www.ict.mn/midas. Consortium (PR*TEC). Mr Glen Farrell, Ph.D., has had a long career in distance Ms Kavita Rao is an Instructional Design Specialist education and the management of innovative organizations. for PR*TEC and for the Pacific Mathematics and He is now involved in project management and international Science Consortium. consultancies on change and reform in education systems and the use of technology. Dr. Farrell has worked with such Ms Nicole Sayres is a Senior Affiliate of Pacific organizations as The Commonwealth of Learning, where Resources for Education and Learning. he is a Senior Consultant, the World Bank, Industry Canada, the World Health Organization, Schoolnet India, Technikon Ms Usha Vyasulu Reddi, Ph.D., is the Director of the South Africa, and the Open University of Hong Kong. Commonwealth Educational Media Centre for Asia (CEMCA), established by the Commonwealth of Learning Ms Lyndsay Green is a consultant in the application of to meet regional needs of Asia. learning technologies offering services through www.traintec.com. Mr Tohid Sadeghnezhad, is a researcher in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Ms Jung Sun Hahn, Ph.D., Professor and Chairperson, is affiliated with Department of Educational Technology, Ms Vineeta Sinha is currently a free lance project consultant College of Education, Ewha Womans University, Republic and was attached to CEMCA as a consultant with the of Korea. COLLIT-India Pilot project. Ms Carol Jasen is a Ph.D. student at the University of Mr Anare Tuitoga is an Instructional Designer at the Melbourne and a Research Assistant in the Department of Distance & Flexible Learning Support Centre of the Teaching, Learning and Research Support at the University University of the South Pacific in Suva, Fiji. of Melbourne, Australia. Ms Ruby Vaa, Ph.D., is the Director of the University of Ms Chen Li, Ph.D., Professor, Deputy Dean of Information the South Pacific Centre in Samoa. Sciences College and Research in Distance education, Beijing Normal University. Mr Cédric Wachholz, is a Programme Specialist and the Focal Point for ICT in Education in the UNESCO Asia and Mr Som Naidu, Ph.D., Professor is Head, Research and Pacific Regional Bureau for Education. Evaluation in the Department of Teaching, Learning and Research Support at the University of Melbourne, Australia. Ms Aya Yoshida, Ph.D., is a Professor affiliated with the National Institute of Multimedia Education, Chiba Japan. Mr Hilary Perraton, Ph.D., is an educational consultant. He was the founding director of the International Research Foundation for Open Learning and for ten years a member of the Commonwealth Secretariat. iv Preface This Meta-survey of the Asia-Pacific Programme on Promoting the Effective Use of Information and Communication Technologies in Education is part of the regional ICT in Education project coordinated by the UNESCO Asia and Pacific Regional Bureau for Education and financed by Japanese Funds-in-Trust. The Meta-survey acts as a snapshot of the current state of ICT use in education throughout Asia and the Pacific. Surveys on the general ICT situation of countries in the region existed before, but not with this particular focus on education, describing and analysing the use of ICTs both in formal and non-formal learning environments. The knowledge gained will guide UNESCO’s project implementation and future project formulation. It will also contribute to a broader understanding of how ICTs can be harnessed to achieve Education for All (EFA) goals. The examples and insights gathered through the survey will help to avoid duplication of efforts and encourage the building of new partnerships. The information collected is being widely shared through a number of formats: this publication; a CD-ROM that includes an additional analysis and database on educational software; and through a posting of the documents on the UNESCO Bangkok website at www.unescobkk.org/education/ict/metasurvey. v Acknowledgements Firstly, we would like to thank the 24 authors who despite finding the information gathering process difficult at times, persisted to work with us at a distance throughout this project. Special thanks go to Dr. Glen Farrell, the study team leader, whose contribution, feedback and guidance were invaluable to the quality and timeliness of this report. Thanks also must go to the Director of the UNESCO Asia and Pacific Regional Bureau for Education, Sheldon Shaeffer. He initiated the survey seeking the assistance of all UNESCO offices and National Commissions in the region and provided sustained support through this process. Thanks also to Professor Fumihiko Shinohara, to Mr Corin Golding and to Ms Naly Arunkit for their valuable contributions to this publication. Finally yet importantly, we would like to thank the Government of Japan, and particularly the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) for their generous financial contribution and continued support, without which this survey would not have been possible. vi Meta-survey on the Use of Technologies in Education INTRODUCTION “Information and communication technologies (ICTs) must be harnessed to support EFA goals at an affordable cost.” Dakar Framework for Action1 More of the same is just not going to work.